Germany
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| Federal Republic of Germany Bundesrepublik Deutschland | |||||
 Map of Germany | |||||
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| Anthem: "Das Lied der Deutschen" (also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit") | |||||
| Patron Saint(s): Saint Boniface | |||||
 Location of Germany on the European continent | |||||
| Capital | Berlin | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Official languages | German | ||||
| Demonym | German | ||||
| Government | |||||
| - Type | Federal Parliamentary republic | ||||
| - President | Horst Köhler | ||||
| - Chancellor | Angela Merkel (CDU) | ||||
| Formation | as Holy Roman Empire | ||||
| Founded | 962962 4722 He 4965 AM | ||||
| Empire | January 18, 187118 January 1871 25 Teveth 5631 He 26 Teveth 5874 AM | ||||
| Republic declared | May 23, 194923 May 1949 24 Iyar 5709 He 25 Zif 5952 AM | ||||
| Unification | October 3, 19903 October 1990 14 Tishrei 5751 He 13 Ethanim 5994 AM | ||||
| Accession to EU | March 25, 195725 March 1957 22 Adar_2 5717 He 53 Adar 5960 AM | ||||
| Area | |||||
| - Total | 357,021 km²357,021,000 dunams 137,846.579 mi² (63rd) | ||||
| - Water | 2.416 %2.416 % | ||||
| Population | |||||
| - December 31, 200731 December 2007 22 Teveth 5768 He 21 Teveth 6011 AM estimate | 82,217,800 | ||||
| - Density | 230 km⁻²595.697 mi⁻² (36thth) | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 20072007 5767 He 6010 AM estimate | ||||
| - Total | $2,812,000,000,000 (5th) | ||||
| - Per capita | $34,212 (21st) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 20072007 5767 He 6010 AM estimate | ||||
| - Total | $$3,320,000,000,000 (3rd) | ||||
| - Per capita | $40,400 (19th) | ||||
| Currency | Euro (€) (EUR)
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| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||||
| - Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .de | ||||
| Calling code | +49 | ||||
| [1] | |||||
- Go to the German CreationWiki for translation of this site.
Germany (German: Deutschland), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is one of the world's major industrialized countries, located in Western Europe. As Europe's largest economy and second most populous nation, Germany is a key member of the continent's economic, political, and defense organizations. European power struggles immersed Germany in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country occupied by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945.[2]
With the advent of the Cold War, two German states were formed in 1949: the western Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the eastern German Democratic Republic (GDR). The democratic FRG embedded itself in key Western economic and security organizations, the EC, which became the EU, and NATO, while the Communist GDR was on the front line of the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[2]It is bordered to the north by the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea, to its east by Poland and the Czech Republic, to the south by Austria and Switzerland and to its west by France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. Germany is a founding member of the European Union. Its capital city is Berlin.
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Sociology
Germany’s population is roughly 82.4 million with a decline to about 80.3 million expected by 2015. Average population density is about 230 people per square kilometer, but population distribution is very uneven. In the former West Germany, population density is 267 people per square kilometer, compared with 140 people per square kilometer in the former East Germany. Berlin and the industrialized Ruhr Valley are densely populated, while much of the Brandenburg and Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania regions in the East are thinly populated. These disparities have been exacerbated by migration from East to West, as former Easterners have sought better employment opportunities. About 61 percent of the population lives in towns with 2,000 to 100,000 inhabitants; 30 percent, in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants; and the remainder, in villages with fewer than 2,000 inhabitants.[3]
Religion
Religious affiliation is as follows: Roman Catholics, 34 percent; Protestants, 34 percent; Muslims, 3.7 percent; and unaffiliated or other, 28.3 percent. Roman Catholics are more numerous in southern Germany.[3]
Education
The literacy rate in Germany is officially pegged at 99 percent, where literacy is defined as the ability of those 15 years old or older to read and write. According to the most recent results from 2006, German students placed eighteenth out of 57 countries in reading, twentieth in mathematics, and thirteenth in natural sciences. However, an interest group specializing in literacy estimates that 4 million Germans are functionally illiterate, meaning that they cannot read or write well enough to hold a job or support themselves. Many of them are immigrants.[3]
The federal government shares control over education with the states. However, the federal government has primary responsibility for the vocational training system. Kindergarten is available to every child between the ages of three and six. Everyone is required to attend school beginning at the end of their sixth year and must remain in some form of school or training for 12 years. Anyone who leaves school after nine years is required to complete a three-year vocational training program.[3]
Geography
Germany is located in the heart of Europe, at the crossroads between west and east, north and south. The northern border is formed by the North Sea and the Baltic Sea, separated by a brief border with Denmark. Germany borders on the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France to the west, Switzerland and Austria to the south, and Poland and the Czech Republic to the east. It has an area of 357,022 square kilometers. The longest distances are 876 kilometers from north to south and 640 kilometers from east to west. One-third of the country’s territory belonged to the former East Germany.[3]
Germany is divided into four distinct topographic regions. From north to south, they are the Northern Lowlands, the Central Uplands, the Alpine Foreland, and the Alps. From the north, a plain dotted with lakes, moors, marshes, and heaths retreats from the sea and reaches inland, where it becomes a landscape of hills crisscrossed by streams, rivers, and valleys. These hills lead upward, gradually forming high plateaus and woodlands and eventually climaxing in spectacular mountain ranges. As of the turn of the century, about 34 percent of the country's area was arable, and about 30 percent was covered by forests.[3]
The northwestern and coastal areas of Germany have a maritime climate caused by warm westerly winds from the North Sea; the climate is characterized by warm summers and mild, cloudy winters. Farther inland, the climate is continental, marked by greater diurnal and seasonal variations in temperature, with warmer summers and colder winters. The alpine regions in the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central Uplands have a so-called mountain climate. This climate is characterized by lower temperatures as a result of higher elevations and greater precipitation caused by air becoming moisture-laden as it rises over higher terrain.[3]
Economy
Since its unification in 1990, Germany has expended considerable funds to bring Eastern productivity and wages up to Western standards. In January 1999, Germany and 10 other EU countries introduced a common European exchange currency, the euro.[2] Germany has a social-market economy that combines free enterprise and competition with a high level of social services. The economy is the world’s third largest, when measured at market exchange rates, and the fifth largest, when using purchasing power parity. Reflecting a social compact between employers and employees, workers’ representatives share power with executives in corporate boardrooms in a system known as co-determination, or Mitbestimmung.[3]
References
- ↑ Prior to 2001, the national currency was the Deutsche Mark (DM).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 The World Factbook: Germany by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Country Profile: Germany by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.
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