Battery

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Black & White battery macro

A battery consists of at least two electrochemical cells that are arranged so that the resulting chemical reaction produces usable electrical energy. There are many different types of batteries in common use today, but in one form or another they are a central component in almost all portable electronic devices.

Uses

This is the description of how Toyota Prius's battery operates

Batteries are used for nearly all portable electrical devices, being a convenient and reliable source of electricity. Small battery cells are used to power wristwatches, both digital and analog, as well as hearing aids and LCD devices. The common AA and AAA sizes are used for a wide range of hand held devices, such as radios, voice recorders, and remote controls. Larger batteries are used in cars to spark the gasoline to power the internal combustion engine. Some cars have been designed to rely solely on electrical energy to work, and in this instance the batteries are the exclusive source of energy.

Types of Batteries

Batteries can be categorized by size and composition. Depending on the chemicals used, the battery will be ready for use upon assembly and then becomes unusable upon exhausting its charge (primary), or will have to be charged and then be rechargeable (secondary).

There are four main batteries that are used for industry: Rechargeable Batteries, The Car Battery, Lead-Acid Batteries, and Alkaline Dry Cell Batteries. Rechargeable batteries and Alkaline Dry Cell Batteries are the most frequently used batteries among all types of batteries. Of them all, AA type batteries are most common batteries in use. They were invented after the telephone was invented in the 1870s to allow telephone exchanges to operate. Car batteries are another category of widely used batteries. Batteries were actually not used much in cars during the first wave of automobile construction after 1900, and in the 1930s, car batteries almost disappeared because they weren't essential. But as cars continued to be developed, most gasoline cars used batteries to operate the starter motor at ignition, and for accessories. Generator systems allow car batteries to be charged while the engine is operating.

Properties

Two Voltaic piles. You can make your own.

Batteries operate because of electrochemical reactions, which produce the electron imbalance needed to provide electromotive force. Every battery has two terminals which connect to the positive and negative sides of the battery. When operating batteries, the electrons run through the negative terminal through a device or load, to the positive terminal because of the imbalance of electrons created by the chemical reaction. Since the chemicals only continue to produce electrons when electrons pass from one terminal to the other, batteries kept in cool dry places may remain fully charged even if a number of years passes.

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How a Battery Works

A battery has many parts, including: the container, cathode, separator, anode, electrons, electrolyte, and collector. First of all, all batteries have containers. Containers often are made from steel to allow electrons to flow more easily to the device. The negative Cathode is a mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon, which absorbs positive ions in an electrochemical reaction. A Separator consists of a fibrous fabric which separates the two electrodes and lets ions pass without allowing the electrolyte chemicals to mix. Anodes, which absorb electrons from negative ions, are often made of powder. Electrochemical reactions occur at the anode and cathode electrodes. Electrolyte is often a potassium hydroxide solution, which provides the ions which move from the anode to the cathode. The last part, the collector, is placed in the middle of the inside the battery with a brass pin which conducts electricity.

When making a battery, the factory starts with the empty steel container, then layers the cathode which is the manganese dioxide powders which make the positive electrical charge, over the inside wall of the container. Next, the separator, a thin paper, covers the cathode powders. the anode material which carries the negative charge, is spread over the separator layer. Finally, to form the negative current collector, the brass pin is inserted into the anode in the middle of the container. The chemical reactions will begin when the battery is inserted in any device. All batteries operate by a chemical reaction. The powdered zinc of the anode is oxidized by the electrolyte, and the cathode with its mixture of manganese dioxide and carbon reacts with the anode to produce electricity. When everything is in place, electric current will be conducted, and electric devices will start working.

History

The Statue of Alessandro Volta

The originator of the Battery is known as Alessandro Volta who is an Italian physicist, the word volt(V) comes from his name.[2] He created the first voltaic pile in 1800. A Voltaic pile is the combination of silver , zinc, and blotting paper soaked in salt water and alternating materials from the top to the bottom. The pile can be constructed in any size. You can make one by yourself quite simply, or you can either buy a kit for $10 to $20.

The Daniell cell(also known as Crowfoot cell, Gravity cell, and Wet cell) was used for telegraphs and doorbells before 1870, which is before electrical generators had been invented. [3]

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Gallery

Car batteries widely used and recognized.	Rechargeable batteries and Alkaline Batteries are the most used batteries.	Of all battery types, AA batteries are most commonly used.	Batteries can even be attached to a computer USB port.
Small, round batteries are usually used for watches.	Row of batteries

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References

• Battery History Mary Bellis. About.
• How Batteries Work Marshall Brain and Charles W. Bryant. Howstuffworks.
• Battery (electricity) Wikipedia
• Re: who invented the battery? Dan Berger. MadSci.
• History of the battery Wikipedia
• Part One - Battery Basics Everyone Should Know Isidor Buchmann. Technick.
• Fascinating facts about the invention of the Electric Battery by Alessandro Volta in 1800. The Great Idea Finder. ideafinder.
• Toyota Prius Wikipedia
• Battery History Corrosion-doctors
• The Battery: Using Chemistry to Make EnergyIeee-virtual-museum
• Energizer Learning Center Energizer

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See Also

• Battery
• Technology
• Electrons
• Manganese
• Carbon
• Redox
• Electricity
• Space
• Volt
• Silver
• Zinc
• Electrochemistry
• Chemistry

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