Vanadium

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Vanadium
General Info
Atomic Symbol	V
Atomic Number	23
Atomic Weight	50.941 g/mol50.941 amu
Chemical series	Transition Metals
Appearance	Bright White
Group, Period, Block	5B, 4, d
Electron configuration	[Ar] 4s2 3d1
Electrons per shell	2,8,11,2
CAS number	7440-62-2
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density	6.0 g·cm−3 g/ml
Melting point	2184 K1,910.85 °C 3,471.53 °F 3,931.2 °R
Boiling point	3680 K3,406.85 °C 6,164.33 °F 6,624 °R
Isotopes of Vanadium
iso NA half-life DT DE (MeV) DP 48V syn 15.9735d ε+β+ 4.0123 48Ti 49V syn 330d ε 0.6019 49Ti 50V 0.25% 1.5x1017y ε 2.2083 50Ti 50V 0.25% 1.5x1017y β- 1.0369 50Cr 51V 99.75% 51V is stable with 28 neutrons.
All properties are for STP unless otherwise stated.

Vanadium is a chemical element that has been found to play a number of roles in biological systems. Now in certain vanadium depend on haloperoxidase and nitrogenase enzymes. Many sea squirts accumulate vanadium in very high concentration, although we don't know the reason. The Amanita muscaria mushrooms also accumulate vanadium as a coordination complex called amavadin, whose function is also unknown. Finally, a number of vanadium complexes have been shown to mitigate many of the symptoms of diabetes in both vitro and vivo studies. These complexes are being studied as potential alternatives to insulin therapy.[1]

Exposure to high levels of vanadium can cause harmful health effects to lungs, throat, and eyes. Workers who breathed it for short and long periods sometimes had lung irritation, coughing, wheezing, chest pain, runny nose, and a sore throat. These effects will stop as soon as they stopped breathing from the contaminated air. We observed similar effects through animal studies, and there is no other significant health effects of vanadium have been found in people.[2]

Properties

Vanadium is a rare, soft, ductile gray-white element. We found vanadium combined in certain minerals and used mainly to produce certain alloys. On the surface vanadium resists corrosion due to a protective film of oxide. Common oxidation states of vanadium include +2, +3, +4 and +5.[3] So the pure Vanadium is:

• It is Bright white in appearance
• It is Soft
• It is Ductile
• It has good structural strength
• Possesses good corrosion resistance to alkalis, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid and salt water
• It oxidises easily at temperatures higher than 660°C
• Has a low fission neutron cross section

Occurrences

Vanadium is not found in the native state, but is present in minerals such as vanadinite, PB5(VO4)3Cl.

Vanadium is found in almost 54 different minerals as well as phosphate rock, some certain iron ores, and crude oils (in the form of complexes) and meteorites. Some of the more important minerals in which vanadium is found include vanadinite, roscoelite, carnotite and patronite.[4] Vanadium is never found unbound in nature. Vanadium occurs in about 65 different minerals among which are patronite, vanadinite, carnotite and bauxite. Vanadium occurs in carbon containing deposits such as crude oil, coal, oil shale and tar sands.[5]

Uses

Uses of vanadium: Most of the vanadium (about 80%) produced is used as ferrovanadium or as a steel additive. They mixed with aluminium in titanium alloys is used in jet engines and high speed air-frames, and steel alloys are used in axles, crankshafts, gears and other critical components. Vanadium alloys are also used in nuclear reactors because vanadium has low neutron-adsorption abilities and it does not deform in creeping under high temperatures, and the Vanadium oxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst in manufacturing sulfuric acid and malefic anhydride and in making ceramics. It is added to glass to produce green or blue tint. Glass coated with vanadium dioxide (VO2) can block infrared radiation at some specific temperature.[6] The most important use of vanadium is as an additive for steel. Almost 80% of vanadium are used in the ferrovanadium, which is a steel additive. And it is also used for the production for prevent rusted, and for spring and high speed tool steels. It is also added to steels to stabilise carbides.[7]

Vanadium foil is also used to bond steel with titanium.

Because of its low fission neutron cross section, vanadium is also used in nuclear applications.

Vanadium compounds are also used in many applications such as:

• Vanadium pentoxide as a catalyst in the ceramics industry
• As a mordent in the printing and dyeing of fabrics
• In the manufacture of aniline black

[8]

History

Andrés Manuel del Río Fernández (Madrid, November 10, 1764 — Mexico City, March 23, 1849) was a Spanish–Mexican scientist and naturalist who discovered the chemical element vanadium.

Vanadium was discovered by del Rio, in 1801. At that time, a French chemist refused his discovery, thinking he had merely found the impure chromium. Sefstrom later rediscovered the element in 1830 and named it after the Scandinavian goddess Vanadis, due to its attractive different compounds.[9]

However it was not until 1867, that Roscoe reduced the chloride with hydrogen to isolate the first sample of vanadium. It took another 60 years before vanadium was produced with purities as high as 99.3 to 99.8%.[10]

Browse

References

• Vanadium – Properties and Applications of Vanadium by AZoM
• The Element Vanadium-- Vanadium Atom by worldofmolecules
• Andrés Manuel del Río by wikipedia
• Vanadium(V)-Chemical properties, Health and environmental effects by Lenntech Vanadium-V
• Vanadium Project by The Pecoraro Group
• Vanadium by Eco-USA
• Prentice Hall Chemistry. Wilbraham. 2008 by Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall, Boston, Massachusetts 02116.

See Also

• Periodic Table of Elements
• Elements
• Atoms
• Chemistry

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