Western philosophy

Western philosophy is the product of conceptualized inquiries and the systematization of those concepts through critical reasoning. It is traditionally labeled as just philosophy and involves the use of reason, logic, and argument in the search for truth and knowledge of reality. Systematic inquiry into the fundamental questions concerning the nature of reality is at the core of western philosophy. Because of the intimate link with critical reasoning the general term philosophy is usually replaced with analytical philosophy in Western philosophy.

Components of Western Philosophy

Philosophy consists of categories such as metaphysics, the justification of belief or epistemology and the conduct of life or ethics, among others. It principally focuses on causes and nature of things and of the principles governing existence, the material universe, perception of physical phenomena, and human behavior.

Epistemology

Main Article: Epistemology

Epistemology is the component of philosophy that deals with knowing and the methods of obtaining knowledge. Biblical epistemology is the study of knowledge that is obtained from the Bible. Epistemology is at the heart of Biblical apologetics. It provides justifications and evidence for ones views, and the foundation for how the Bible is to be applied to lives.

Metaphysics

Main Article: Metaphysics

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that studies the underlying nature of reality and the origin and structure of the world. It is concerned with the study of "First Principles" (those that cannot be deduced from any other) and of "being" (ontology). Defined as such, it is different from philosophical speculation and it is not a human knowledge.

Logic

Main Article: Logic

Logic, from Classical Greek λόγος (logos), originally meaning the word, or what is spoken, (but coming to mean thought or reason) encompasses the guiding principles of reasoning.

Ethics

Main Article: Ethics

Ethics is defined as "The science of human duty; the body of rules of duty drawn from this science."[1] The word is rooted in the ancient Greek term ἦθος, ēthos which meant "moral character" or "nature".

Axiology

Main Article: Axiology

Axiology is the component of philosophy involved with the study of the nature of values and value judgments or worthiness. Biblical axiology is the branch of theology dealing with the nature and types of value, such as law, ethics, conduct, order, and morality. In Matthew 22:36-40 Jesus said that all the laws hang on the commandments to love your God and your neighbor. Therefore, love is the basis for a Biblical axiology.

Political Philosophy

Main Article: Politics

Generally throughout the worlds developed nations there are two extremes of political philosophies of governance which are conservatism or classic liberalism and contemporary new progressive liberalism. Elected politicians adopt stances to varying degrees that end up forming a type of government that represents the people. A new liberal is to classic liberalism as a neoconservative is to conservatism. In other words contemporary or new liberalism and neoconservatism share, at their foundation, collectivism thus redistributive approaches towards economics.

Philosophy of Science

Main Article: Philosophy of science

Natural science began as a form of philosophy, called "natural philosophy" or "experimental philosophy". In the nineteenth century, the term "natural science" was increasingly used and science was seen as separate from philosophy since the methods and goals of science had become sufficiently distinct from those of traditional philosophy. Scientists often ridicule philosophy as "useless" and philosophers as people who cannot agree on anything. Ironically, leading twentieth century philosophers gave science preferential treatment in their naturalistic philosophies.

Science is often seen as presupposing a particular philosophy but that is not the case. Science is primarily a practical discipline; its standard is utility or "whatever works". It is only when science is asserted as true that it becomes a philosophy, called scientific realism. Then it must compete with other philosophies, something scientists are reluctant to do.

Operational science and Origins science

Main Article: Science

In addition to allowing for supernatural events in history, creation scientists also distinguish between what they call "operational science" and "origins science." Operational science, according to creation scientists, involves the laws and phenomena of nature which are repeatable and testable through experiment; for instance, the laws of gravity, chemistry, and microevolution. However, creation scientists assert that issues of "origins science" are different from issues of "operational science," because they involve one-time events which cannot be observed or repeated, but can only be inferred from the evidence. Asserted examples of such issues in origins science are common ancestry, the age of the earth, and historical geology, in which the ability of scientists to study the issues is limited by the available evidence, because the actual events cannot be observed first-hand. It is argued that in issues of "origins science," conclusions are much more tentative due to the unrepeatable nature of the events, that the conclusions are therefore much more subject to philosophical bias than in "operational science," and that "origins science" therefore admits multiple possible interpretations of the evidence.

Science and religion

Philosophy can be either spiritually or physically based. The nature of philosophy is itself a philosophical question that philosophers have understood and treated differently through the ages. Simply put, it is the love, study, or pursuit of wisdom or knowledge of things and their causes, whether theoretical or practical. As such philosophy leads to, or is also defined as, a belief (or system of beliefs), which is accepted as authoritative by some group or school. For the monotheistic religions, it is the study of all wisdom at the source (God), and of the principles of nature as the result of Creation. Religion is concerned with what is believed or should be believed. Science may be practiced by people with different belief systems; there is no need for uniformity of belief among scientists. Philosophy provides a discipline in which people of differing beliefs may seek common ground.

Creation science is often portrayed as a "religion" placing itself in conflict with "science." According to this view, creation science is religious, rather than scientific, because it stems from the Bible, a "religious book." Acceptance of creation is thus "by faith," and not by the application of the scientific method. For example, the National Academy of Sciences wrote:

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Religious opposition to evolution propels antievolutionism. Although antievolutionists pay lip service to supposed scientific problems with evolution, what motivates them to battle its teaching is apprehension over the implications of evolution for religion.

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In addition to being an example of the genetic fallacy, this statement confuses the practice of science with what people believe about science. Alternatively, others, including creation scientists, attribute the conflict between the theories to varying philosophical presuppositions which, they argue, affect a scientist's interpretation of the evidence. For example, David Bergman, a creationist physicist, attributes the conflict to two fundamentally different worldviews: on the one hand, atomism, which excludes supernatural action in the universe and holds that random events occur in nature; on the other hand, creationism, which holds that the universe depends for its existence on God, and that the laws of nature are a result of his design and plan. Evolution, he argues, is merely a modern iteration of the ancient philosophy of Lucretius articulated in his work, On the Nature of Things.

Under this view, creation science is not "non-science" opposed to the "science" of evolution. Instead, both are "sciences" which are grounded in opposing philosophies, so that the same methods and same evidence lead to opposite conclusions due to the underlying philosophical assumptions of the scientist.

Creation science is related to intelligent design, which differs in that its proponents claim to not make any theological assumptions, and intelligent design does not necessarily oppose evolution. Critics note that the intelligent design movement was started by many of the same individuals previously campaigning for creationism after attempts to get creation science in public classrooms met major opposition due to constitutional church-state separation issues in the United States.

The mainstream scientific community considers creation science to be religiously motivated anti-science propaganda. The religious motivations of mainstream scientists are usually ignored, although leading scientists such as Richard Dawkins are openly championing atheistic religion.

Philosophical Problems

Creation scientists have accused mainstream scientists of being too reluctant to admit problems with their own theories. They believe that scientists in one discipline accept too easily the assumed structures present in other fields when doing their work. A growing number of scientists on both sides are recognizing a need to re-evaluate the confidence that science has in some of its basic presumptions, leading to, "An Open Letter to the Scientific Community."