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== Mathematical challenge == | == Mathematical challenge == | ||
Mutations either beneficial, negative or neutral are rare instances. They happen on average about once in every 10 million duplications of the DNA molecule (10<sup>7</sup>, a one followed by 7 zeroes). For evolution to progress, organisms require a series of related mutations to occur. The odds of getting two mutations that are related to one another is the product of their separate probabilities. If every 10<sup>7</sup> duplications of DNA a mutation occurs the equation would start to look like this; 10<sup>7</sup> x 10<sup>7</sup> or 10<sup>14</sup>. a one followed by 14 zeroes, a hundred trillion | Mutations either beneficial, negative or neutral are rare instances. They happen on average about once in every 10 million duplications of the DNA molecule (10<sup>7</sup>, a one followed by 7 zeroes). For evolution to progress, organisms require a series of related mutations to occur. The odds of getting two mutations that are related to one another is the product of their separate probabilities. If every 10<sup>7</sup> duplications of DNA a mutation occurs the equation would start to look like this; 10<sup>7</sup> x 10<sup>7</sup> or 10<sup>14</sup>. a one followed by 14 zeroes, a hundred trillion. Mutations which are related or not would barely change finch beak sizes due to drought, or change the shape of a fly wing. | ||
What are the odds of getting three related mutations? That is, again taking into account the mutation rate of duplicated DNA, one in a billion trillion or 10<sup>21</sup>. Suddenly the [[ocean]] isn't big enough to hold enough bacteria to make that chance very likely. You can quickly tell that at just three related mutations, evolution via related, dependent mutational change through [[natural selection]] as its mechanism to produce truly novel information or molecule-to-man change is woefully inadequate. <ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/citation/160/3826/408 Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution] By Paul S. Moorhead, Martin M. Kaplan; Wistar Institute Symposium; ''Science'' Vol. 160. no. 3826, p. 408, 1967</ref> <ref>Dr. Gary Parker. ''Creation: Facts of Life'' [http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/cfol/ch2-mutations.asp] </ref> | What are the odds of getting three related mutations? That is, again taking into account the mutation rate of duplicated DNA, one in a billion trillion or 10<sup>21</sup>. Suddenly the [[ocean]] isn't big enough to hold enough bacteria to make that chance very likely. You can quickly tell that at just three related mutations, evolution via related, dependent mutational change through [[natural selection]] as its mechanism to produce truly novel information or molecule-to-man change is woefully inadequate. <ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/citation/160/3826/408 Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution] By Paul S. Moorhead, Martin M. Kaplan; Wistar Institute Symposium; ''Science'' Vol. 160. no. 3826, p. 408, 1967</ref> <ref>Dr. Gary Parker. ''Creation: Facts of Life'' [http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/cfol/ch2-mutations.asp] </ref> | ||
