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Hemoglobin: Difference between revisions
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== Genetics == | == Genetics == | ||
Due to problems and mutations in globin gene regulation, there are two kinds of hemoglobins | Due to problems and mutations in globin gene regulation, there are two kinds of hemoglobins that are produce, normal and abnormal hemoglobins. | ||
=== Normal Hemoglobin === | === Normal Hemoglobin === | ||
One can express the hemoglobin level as the amount of hemoglobin in grams (gm) per deciliter (dl) of blood. ( | One can express the hemoglobin level as the amount of hemoglobin in grams (gm) per deciliter (dl) of blood. (1 deciliter = 100 milliliters) | ||
The normal ranges for Hemoglobin is changeable because of differences in age and the gender of the person. | |||
* Newborns: 17-22 gm/dl | * Newborns: 17-22 gm/dl | ||
* One week | * One week old: 15-20 gm/dl | ||
* One month | * One month old: 11-15gm/dl | ||
* Children: 11-13 gm/dl | * Children: 11-13 gm/dl | ||
* | * Male Adults: 14-18 gm/dl | ||
* | * Female Adults: 12-16 gm/dl | ||
* Men after middle age: 12.4-14.9 gm/dl | * Men after middle age: 12.4-14.9 gm/dl | ||
* Women after middle age: 11.7-13.8 gm/dl <ref name=medicine/> | * Women after middle age: 11.7-13.8 gm/dl <ref name=medicine/> | ||
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==== Low Hemoglobin ==== | ==== Low Hemoglobin ==== | ||
Usually, a low hemoglobin | Usually, a low hemoglobin causes to have anemia. However, there are more causes of low hemoglobin besides anemia; | ||
* Loss of blood ( | * Loss of blood (because of injury, surgery, bleeding colon cancer or stomach ulcer) | ||
* Malnutrition (deficiency of iron | * Malnutrition (deficiency of iron or vitamin B12) | ||
* Erythropoietin deficiency ( | * Erythropoietin deficiency (due to kidney disease) | ||
* Lead poisoning | * Lead poisoning | ||
* Overhydration | * Overhydration | ||
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==== High Hemoglobin ==== | ==== High Hemoglobin ==== | ||
People who smoke or live at high altitudes can have higher | People who smoke or live at high altitudes can have higher hemoglobin levels than those who do not smoke. Dehydration is the main cause that produces a high hemoglobin. However, unlike other serious diseases, people can lower their high hemoglobin levels easily. | ||
There are more causes that | There are more causes that make high hemoglobin levels; | ||
* Advanced lung disease ( | * Advanced lung disease (emphysema) | ||
* Congenital heart disease | * Congenital heart disease | ||
* Tumors | * Tumors | ||
* Polycythemia rubra vera | * Polycythemia rubra vera | ||
* Increased red blood cells | * Increased red blood cells (due to erythropoietin) | ||
* Low blood oxygen levels | * Low blood oxygen levels | ||
* Pulmonary fibrosis <ref name=medicine/> <ref name=plus/> | * Pulmonary fibrosis <ref name=medicine/> <ref name=plus/> | ||
