Giant
Giants are generally regarded as persons of extraordinary bulk and stature. The first mention of giants in the Bible is Genesis 6:4 which describes the pre-Flood period when it says: "There were giants in the earth in those days". Goliath of Gath, who died when fighting David, had the height of "six cubits and a span" or approximately 10 feet. 2 Samuel 21 mentions four giants and reports all of them being killed. The first two were named Isbibenob (v.16) and Saph (v.18). In v.19, the brother of Goliath, "the staff of whose spear was like a weaver's beam", is reported killed. In v.20, there was reported a giant with six fingers on every hand and on every foot six toes. Even today, people with a total of twenty-four fingers and toes have been identified.
There have been hundreds of credible reports over the centuries of findings of giant remains in burial mounds and tombs around the world. However, these remains have a curious tendency to disappear when sent to professional academics for examination. For obvious reasons such objects in their proper context (ie. with tools and evidence of civilization) would not survive the peer review process in scientific literature because they defy the uniformitarian evolutionary paradigm.
Like dinosaurs, giants are believed to be extinct. As is commonly the pattern, large creatures become extinct more rapidly than smaller creatures like insects.
Giant Human Skeleton Reports
1841 Under the Missourium
Baton-Rouge Gazette
Reported on February 20th, 1841 by the Baton Rouge Gazette underneath the bones of the Missourium creature was reported: "The animal was believed to have been amphibious. Arrow heads were dug up in the same spring, and human bones of gigantic size."[1]
1842 Pascagoula Giants
Southern Argus
Reported September 6th, 1842 by Southern Argus were human bones from a war between the Biluxie tribe and a more powerful tribe. After many defeats the Biluxies were driven to the sea-shore on the east side of Pascagoula. "Several feet below the surface, there have been found fragments of a peculiar kind of earthenware, fire coals and human bones, some of which were of gigantic dimensions"[2]
1859 Jackson Ohio
Originally reported by the Cincinatti Enquirer in 1859 a vault was accidentally dug up. The air inside was so foul the vault could not be entered but by using a rake human bones of gigantic size were removed as was a chain with coins on both ends.
Yorkville Enquirer
"A correspondent of the Cincinnati Enquirer at Jackson, Ohio, gives an account of a subterranean vault discovered there, in which the air was so impure that it was impossible for anyone to go down into it. By means of a rake, human bones of gigantic size have been raised, and a small chain of silver, with coins attached to each end." [3]
Fayetteville Observer
"A Subterraneous vault was discovered last week at Jackson, Ohio, in which the air was so impure that it was impossible for anyone to go down into it. By means of a rake, human bones of gigantic size have been raised and a shiny chain of silver, with coins attached to each end. The coins, though much; defaced by time, have the appearance of those in use among the Romans in the days of Scipio Africanus, though there were evident traces of hieroglyphic devices that cannot be deciphered." [4]
Wheeling Daily Intelligencer
Reported the same as the Fayetteville Observer above. [5]
Kanawha Valley Star
Reported the same as the Fayetteville Observer above. [6]
The Washington Union
Reported the same as the Fayetteville Observer above. [7]
Holmes County Republican
"Great Excitement in Jackson County. Mysterious Subterranean Caverns — Giant's Bones, &c., Found. A correspondent of the Cincinnati Enquirer, writing from Jackson, Ohio, relates the following marvelous story: Our village is full of wonder and excitement. Martin Marker, J. W. Hughs and Washington Long, in digging a grave in the Cemetry near this village, about ten o'clock this morning, came to a large flat stone about four feet below the surface which stopped their further progress until they procured assistance, and removed the stone from the resting place of ages, when it was found to have closed the entrance to a subterranean vault. All efforts thus far (3 P. M.) to enter it with a light have proved unsuccessful on account of the foul air with which it is filled. By means of a rake, human bones of gigantic size have been raised, and a small chain of silver, with coins attached to each end. The coins, though much defaced by time, have the appearance of those in use among the Romans in the days of Cicero Africanus though there were evident traces of hieroglyphic devices that cannot be deciphered. The men at the cemetery have, by means of burning straw, made light in the vault, and though none have the courage to venture further than the entrance, it has been discovered that there is, immediately to the west of the opening, a chamber about ten feet square, with steps, quite dilapidated, down the eastern side. Three other chambers branch out of this; one to the north, one the west and the other to the South. We are all curious, of course, to know when and by whom these vaults were made and filled. Rev. Mr. Hunter and Mr. Armstrong, Dr. Knouff. have examined them as well as they could without going down into them, also the bones raked out, and the chain and coins, and all give it as their opinion that these vaults were made by the same people who built the mounds in the south-eastern part of the State. The questions present themselves to everyone: who made these vaults and tilled them? Was our country once the home of giants?" [8]
New Orleans Daily Crescent
Reported the same as the Holmes County Republican above. [9]
Washington Telegraph
Reported the same as the Holmes County Republican above. [10]
The Grand Haven News
Reported the same as the Holmes County Republican above. [11]
The Buchanan County Guardian
Reported the same as the Holmes County Republican above. [12]
The Weekly Hawk Eye
"The following letter, which we find in the Cincinnati Enquirer, presents some interesting facts, if reliable, well worthy of investigation: To the Editor of the Enquirer: Jackson, O., Feb. 21, 1859 ..." The rest of the report is then the same as the Holmes County Republican above. [13]
Worcester Daily Spy
Reported the same as the Holmes County Republican above. [14]
Bradford Reporter
"A new wonder has turned up in the discovery of a mysterious cavern at Jackson, Ohio., containing human bones of gigantic size, and coins supposed to be cotemporary with Cicero Africanus, a gentleman, we believe, whose name is mentioned in Roman history." [15]
The Middlebury Register
"A letter in the Burlington times, from Geo. Davenport, of Jackson, O., gives an account of the finding of a vault, the top of which was four feet below the surface of the ground and covered with a large flat stone. On account of the foul air it had not been possible to enter it, but by means of a rake human bones of gigantic size had been raked up; also a small chain of silver with coins attached to each end. It had been ascertained that there are several apartments. It is the opinion of those who made the examination that it is the work of the same people that made the Mounds. This story may have no reference to the first of April, but it suggests the fact that it is approaching." [16]
Alexandria Gazette
"Certain mysterious vaults, in which were human bones of "gigantic size," are reported to have been discovered in Jackson, Ohio. The account looks like a "sensation" article." [17]
1875 Kentucky Cave
The Lake County Star
"A correspondent of the Louisville Courier Journal writes: Some miles from Lexington, beyond the Jessamine border, there is an old house, on a farm belonging to a Mr. Headley, which has rather a curious history. ... Nature supplied, in another place, a grotto or cave, which your correspondent has seen, and within whose recesses there was an abundance of sparkling stalactities--and where, by the way, it is said gigantic human bones, that must have been nine feet high, were found. ..."[18]
The Richmond Palladium
Reported the same as The Lake County Star above. [19]
1884 Prerau
Daily Los Angeles Herald
"A German savant just discovered the remains of prehistoric man near Prerau. The report of the discovery states that "the interest of the remains increased by the discovery of a lower human jaw under a gigantic thigh-bone." Probably some too loquacious prehistoric orator has been sat down upon by a pre-historic giant."[20]
1890 Castelnau France
Boston Journal of Chemistry
"Occasional instances of unusual stature are, however, not uncommon, and can be seen in almost any dime museum; and that there were giants even in the Stone Age seems to be proved by a discovery made near Montpellier, in France, by M. Lapouge, and communicated by him to La Nature. At Catelnau, near the above town, is a prehistoric cemetery, dating from the ages of polished stone and bronze. A large number of human bones were found, including about forty skulls, one of which formerly belonged to an individual about eighteen years old, who, judging from the size of his skull, must have been over six feet in height. But the most remarkable "finds" of M. Lapouge were three pieces of bone, illustrated in the engraving, which must formerly have belonged to some pre-historic giant of extraordinary size. ... If we judge of the height of this neolithic giant by the usual proportion of the parts of the skeleton to each other, he must have been between ten and eleven feet high." [21]
New York Times
In 1892 The New York Times reported "A Race of Giants in Old Gaul. From the London Globe. In the year 1890 some human bones of enourmous size, double the ordinary in fact, were found in the tumulus of Catelnau, (Herault,) and have since been carefully examined by Prof. Kieper, who, while admitting that the bones are those of a very tall race, nevertheless finds them abnormal in dimensions and apparently of morbid growth. They undoubtedly reopen the question of the "giants" of antiquity, but do not furnish sufficient evidence to decide it." [22] [23]
1893 Pitcairn Island
The Morning News
"GIANTS IN THOSE DAYS Enormous Skulls Found in an Ancient Yucatan Cemetery and Elsewhere. From the New York Tribune. [S]kulls of unusual size as well as other bones were really dug up at Pitcairn Island by officers of the expedition under Capt. Beechy, in the early part of this century. The French traveler and writer Jean de Despriaux, when residing in the Canary Islands, was much pleased at procuring some mummies of the big Guanches a man and two women, preserved as the Egyptians used to preserve their dead. “The man was of gigantic stature,” he says, “which is in perfect conformity with all tradition relating to the ancient Atlanteans. ... At Chancai, thirty miles north of Lima (Peru), very large human skulls were dug up only a few years ago by Dr. Le Plongeon. Others have been unearthed on the Island of Puna, in the Gulf of Guayaquil, at the entrance of the Guayaquil river. A Jesuit father named Anilo Oliva wrote an ancient history of Peru, dictated by an old archive keeper, Quippu Camayoc, a Peruvian. Oliva’s work exists only in manuscript, and is in the British Museum, London; but the writer has a copy of it. Oliva says that Puna, as well as the opposite coast, was formerly peopled by giants who had come from Central America. In the work of Zarate wo read that they were as bad as they were big, so that they became a terror to all the other inhabitants. ... Some of their works can yet be seen in those places in the shape of immense stone and adobe walls and more especially in the great wells which they dug to supply themselves with water. The career of those bad big people was probably brought to a close by some electrical phenomena, for tradition says that the gods destroyed them with fire from heaven. ... In the north part of Mexico, a few years ago, human remains were unearthed from well-made stone tombs. The skeletons were nearly nine feet long. In Southern Mexico the Yucatan peninsula seems to have been at one time quite a favorite residence of a race of people about nine feet high. On our first visit to that country, before we had been twelve hours on shore, the inhabitants of Progreso mentioned to us that giants once lived there. ... In various parts of the same cemetery Dou Ferrain and others dug up a considerable number of terra-cotta Jars, containing skulls which the old gentleman assured us were twice as big as his own head. Who regretted that he had not felt sufficiently interested to keep at least one sample. We ourselves did a little delving, and found pieces of large bones, but they crumbled in our fingers. While traveling in the interior of the country, we were frequently told of places where giants’ bones had been disinterred. The interesting ruins of Ake, twenty-seven miles east of Merida, might reasonably be regarded as the work of very big and uncouth people. Each step in one stairway is twenty inches high, by no means convenient for persons of ordinary stature. The stairway is 156 feet wide. In one-part smaller stones have been added, making two steps out of each, a total of thirty-six instead of eighteen, as if people of medium size had lived there at the same time or perhaps later, and arranged the extra stones for their own convenience. Round about the ancient structures not only large skulls have been dug from the ground, but also tibia and other bones, all exceedingly large. From the time of the Spanish conquest such remains have now and then been brought to light in the peninsula. Father Cogolludo and Diego de Landa, second Bishop of Yucatan, wrote works about that country and its people, and both testify to the discovery of gigantic human bones. Cogolludo, whose work is the most complete, says that in 1547 on the high road of Campeche a large sepulcher was opened. It was formed of stone slabs placed one above the other, and therein were “human remains of a formidable size.” With these they also found three large boxes of terracotta supported on three hollow balls that served as feet. There was also an urn of black stone “like jasper.” The natives were ordered to break the bones to fragments, but they refused to lay a finger on anything in the grave, declaring that it was forbidden them to meddle with such things; and so the friar, Juan de Carrion, himself destroyed the remains. One of the superstitions now existing among the natives would seem to be a reminiscence of the big people that formerly dwelt in Yucatan. Uauapach is a phantom giant supposed to haunt the highways at night to intercept belated pedestrians and trip them up by standing astride, stretching out his feet from one side of the road to the other. Alice D. Le Plongeon." [24]
The Wheeling Daily Intelligencer
Reported the same as the The Morning News above. [25]
1894 Montpellier, France
Princeton Union
"In a prehistoric cemetery recently uncovered at Montpellier, France, while workmen were excavating a water works reservoir, human skulls were found measuring 28, 31 and 32 inches in circumference. The bones which were found with the skulls were also of gigantic proportions. These relics were sent to the Paris academy, and a learned "savant" who lectured on the find says that they belonged to a race of men between ten and fifteen feet in height." [26]
The McCook Tribune
Reported the same as the Princeton Union above. [27]
1894 Morovia Switzerland
Staunton Spectator
"Pygmies and Giants in by gone ages? A race of pygmies is found to have existed in Switzerland in the neolithic age, and in Moravia the bones of the mammoth have been found with the bones of human beings of almost gigantic size, showing that man coexisted with the mammoth." [28]
1899 Waco Texas
The Eddy Current
"For twenty years or more excavators hereabouts have been making discoveries of bones of prehistoric animals, gigantic human bones and all sorts of weapons and tools. City engineer Turner thinks a grand discovery will yet be made in digging around Waco which will startle the scientists of the world."[29]
1904 Winnemucca Nevada
The Wichita Daily Eagle
"Gigantic Human Being. Unearths Bones of a Man at Least 11 Feet in Height. Winnemucca, Nev., Jan. 16.-Workmen engaged in digging gravel here have uncovered, at a depth of about 12 feet, a number of bones that once were parts of the skeleton of a gigantic human being. Dr. Samuels pronounced them the bones of a man who must have been nearly 11 feet in height." [30]
The Saint Paul Globe
"MAY BE RELATED TO CARDIFF GIANT. Bones of a Human Skeleton Eleven Feet High Are Dug Up in Nevada. WINNEMUCCA, Nev., Jan. 23. Workmen engaged in digging gravel here today uncovered at a depth of about twelve feet a lot of bones, part of the skeleton of a gigantic human being. Dr. Samuels examined them and pronounced them to be the bones of a man who must have been nearly eleven feet in height. The metacarpal bones measure four and a half inches in length and are large in proportion. A part of the ulna was found and in its complete form would have been between seventeen and eighteen inches in length. The remainder of the skeleton is being- searched for."[31]
1905 Courtland Kansas
The Topeka State Journal
"Some well diggers at Courtland exhumed a number of bones of remarkable size at a depth of nine feet. They are supposed to be the bones of some gigantic human being." [32]
1911 Lovelock Cave Nevada
In 1911 several large skeletons were discovered in Lovelock Cave Nevada. The History Channel has done an episode on the discovery, newspaper reporting, four large skulls found and kept in a museum before being ceremonially buried and tribal history detailing the war and final battle between the tribe of normal sized humans and the cannibal giants occurring at the site of this cave where the giants were trapped inside and either burned alive or suffocated from smoke inhalation. [33]
1912 San Francisco
The Barre Daily Times
"FINGS GIGANTIC HUMAN BONES. Professor Heath of Stanford University Finds Traces of Civilization in Prehistoric Village. Stanford University, Cal., Dec. 18. Recent excavations indicate that the peninsula south of San Francisco once was inhabited by a race of giant stature. Professor Harold Heath of the zoologic department of Stanford university, according to a statement gives out last night has unearthed about two miles south of here several skeletons of men who were unusual height. A pre-historic village covering nearly two acres has been the scene of Professor Heath's investigations. Stone hammers, bone awls and ornaments found by his party indicate that their owners had attained considerable advancement in artisanship and civilization." [34]
1918 Vaudancourt France
The Washington Herald
"Bones of Giants Are Dug Up Near Paris. Paris, Military Prisoners digging at Vaudancourt, near Paris, discovered a tomb thousands of years old, of unpolished slabs of stone, filled with human bones of gigantic proportions. The skulls were oval and the teeth resembled those of a horse. Archeologists say the tomb dates back to the copper age." [35]
The Seattle Star
Reported the same as the Washington Herald above. [36]
The World
Reported the same as the Washington Herald above. [37]
Martinsburg Herald
Reported the same as the Washington Herald above. [38]
Evening Journal
Reported the same as the Washington Herald above. [39]
Alexandria Gazette
Reported the same as the Washington Herald above. [40]
Non-Standard Sources
For reasons outlined above, any claims of material evidence of "giant men" will be found only in sources automatically deemed non-credible by the scientific establishment. Creation scientists, who tend to be defensive to claims by evolutionists that they are not "real scientists", have generally avoided the topic of the Nephilim because it is a short route to being labeled a crank.
Nevertheless, there is substantial material evidence that has fallen through the cracks of the establishment, some of which even resides in museums:
- The ancient city of Ashtaroth in the Golan Heights has cut stone buildings with giant proportions.
- Giant Inca mummies and golden garments over eight feet in length. Gold Museum, Lima, Peru.
- Giant double headed axes on display in Baghdad Museum, Iraq.
- Giant double headed axe from Cypress in the British Museum, London.
- Giant neolithic stone tools found in Australia.
- Two enormous petrified skulls found in anthracite coal bed in Pennsylvania.
- Gigantopithecus blacki, numerous remains found in China, Vietnam & India. Estimated height is ten feet.
- Meganthropus paleojavanicus (Paranthropus robustus) jaw and skull remains excavated on Swartkrans, Java in 1948, estimated to be 8 feet tall.
Extra-Biblical Sources
Almost all of the ancient mythologies of the nations around Israel and in the rest of the world included giants who were the offspring of the gods with human women. Whether the "gods" were angels or deified men, these demigod offspring may be the "men of renown" referenced by the Bible. Some of the more notable references include:
- The Sumerian King list says Gilgamesh, whose father was a phantom, ruled 126 years[41].
- The Greek Gigantomachy has the heroes of Olympus fighting an onslaught of giants. This may be a reference to the campaign of the Five Kings referred to in Genesis 14 .
- The Fomorians were a race of demonic giants who inhabited ancient Ireland prior to the Tuatha Dé Danann, who subdued them, and the Milesians, the ancestors of the modern Irish people.[42]
- The Inca legends record an invasion by giants of such height that normal men came only up to their knees.
- The Welsh triads record that the island of Albion (Britain) was oppressed by giants when the Britons first arrived.
- The ancient Hebrew books of Enoch and Jubilees record a detailed tradition about the giants before the Flood and after.
- Several giant cannibalistic tribes were reported during the exploration of the New World in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Giant Organisms
- Car-sized Turtle Found in Colombian Coal Mine Remains of an enormous turtle, which was the size of a Smart Car, have been unearthed in a Colombian coal mine. DiscoveryNews, May 18, 2012.
- Giant Whale-Eating Whale Found The skull of the 12–13 million-year-old sperm whale fossil found off the coast of Peru measures an astounding 10 feet long. DiscoveryNews, Jun 30, 2010.
Giant Turtle in India
The Oregon Mist reported in 1896 "Some years ago some laborers in the Senalik hills of India were engaged upon a government work when they came upon the remains of a turtle that proved beyond question that these animals had their giants in the days of old. The shell which the men exposed might have been used as a shelter for several men, and at first, before its bony nature was observed, it was thought by the natives to be a hut of some kind. Fortunately the bones were uninjured, and they were taken out and removed to the British museum, where a complete restoration of the animal may be seen. The length of the turtle was 10 feet, its horizontal circumference 35 feet, and its girth 15 feet, but it was estimated by scientists that this was not an adult, and that when fully grown this huge creature would display a domelike back 8 or 9 feet high, giving a total length of 20 feet." [43]
Books
- Giants on Record (ISBN 0956786510) contains more than 400 pages of records of giants from across North America. It is not written from a creation viewpoint.
See Also
References
- ↑ Baton-Rouge gazette. [volume] (Baton-Rouge, La.), 20 Feb. 1841. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82003383/1841-02-20/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ Southern Argus. [volume] (Columbus, Miss.), 06 Sept. 1842. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016884/1842-09-06/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ Yorkville enquirer. [volume] (Yorkville, S.C.), 10 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026925/1859-03-10/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ Fayetteville observer. [volume] (Fayetteville, Tenn.), 24 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033395/1859-03-24/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, Va. [W. Va.]), 04 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86092535/1859-03-04/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ Kanawha Valley star. [volume] (Charleston, Va. [W. Va.]), 22 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85059862/1859-03-22/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ The Washington union. [volume] (City of Washington [D.C.]), 26 Feb. 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82006534/1859-02-26/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ Holmes County Republican. [volume] (Millersburg, Holmes County, Ohio), 10 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84028820/1859-03-10/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ New Orleans daily crescent. [volume] ([New Orleans, La.]), 03 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015753/1859-03-03/ed-1/seq-3/>
- ↑ Washington telegraph. [volume] (Washington, Ark.), 16 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014751/1859-03-16/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ The Grand Haven news. [volume] (Grand Haven, Mich.), 16 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85033622/1859-03-16/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ The Buchanan County guardian. (Independence, Buchanan County, Iowa), 10 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87058348/1859-03-10/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ The weekly hawk-eye. [volume] (Burlington, Iowa), 08 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85049908/1859-03-08/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ Worcester daily spy. [volume] (Worcester [Mass.]), 08 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83021205/1859-03-08/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ Bradford reporter. [volume] (Towanda, Pa.), 10 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024558/1859-03-10/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ The Middlebury register. [volume] (Middlebury, Vt.), 16 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025667/1859-03-16/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.), 05 March 1859. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1859-03-05/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ The Lake County star. [volume] (Chase, Mich.), 04 March 1875. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85026421/1875-03-04/ed-1/seq-4/>
- ↑ The Richmond palladium. [volume] (Richmond, Ind.), 17 Feb. 1875. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86058250/1875-02-17/ed-1/seq-3/>
- ↑ Daily Los Angeles herald. [microfilm reel] (Los Angeles [Calif.]), 15 July 1884. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042459/1884-07-15/ed-1/seq-4/>
- ↑ Boston Journal of Chemistry and Pharmacy. (1890). United States: J.R. Nichols & Company.
- ↑ https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/10/03/106086633.pdf
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20210706205356/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1892/10/03/106086633.pdf
- ↑ The morning news. [volume] (Savannah, Ga.), 11 Aug. 1893. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn86063034/1893-08-11/ed-1/seq-5/>
- ↑ The Wheeling daily intelligencer. [volume] (Wheeling, W. Va.), 10 Aug. 1893. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026844/1893-08-10/ed-1/seq-7/>
- ↑ The Princeton union. [volume] (Princeton, Minn.), 11 Oct. 1894. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016758/1894-10-11/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ The McCook tribune. (McCook, Neb.), 08 March 1895. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn94056415/1895-03-08/ed-1/seq-3/>
- ↑ Staunton spectator. [volume] (Staunton, Va.), 29 Aug. 1894. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84024718/1894-08-29/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ The Eddy current. [volume] (Eddy [Carlsbad], N.M.), 28 Jan. 1899. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn93061674/1899-01-28/ed-1/seq-3/>
- ↑ The Wichita daily eagle. [volume] (Wichita, Kan.), 17 Jan. 1904. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014635/1904-01-17/ed-1/seq-3/>
- ↑ The Saint Paul globe. (St. Paul, Minn.), 24 Jan. 1904. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90059523/1904-01-24/ed-1/seq-28/>
- ↑ The Topeka state journal. [volume] (Topeka, Kansas), 24 July 1905. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016014/1905-07-24/ed-1/seq-4/>
- ↑ HISTORY. “The UnXplained: GIANT SKELETONS Found in Wild West Cave (Season 4).” YouTube, 29 Jan. 2023, www.youtube.com/watch?v=zbljB5l9kCE.
- ↑ The Barre daily times. (Barre, Vt.), 18 Dec. 1912. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn91066782/1912-12-18/ed-1/seq-3/>
- ↑ The Washington herald. [volume] (Washington, D.C.), 23 Dec. 1918. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045433/1918-12-23/ed-1/seq-1/>
- ↑ The Seattle star. [volume] (Seattle, Wash.), 25 Dec. 1918. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87093407/1918-12-25/ed-1/seq-5/>
- ↑ The World. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.), 20 Dec. 1918. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85059540/1918-12-20/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ Martinsburg herald. [volume] (Martinsburg, W. Va.), 21 Dec. 1918. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85059533/1918-12-21/ed-1/seq-2/>
- ↑ Evening journal. [volume] (Wilmington, Del.), 26 Dec. 1918. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85042354/1918-12-26/ed-1/seq-4/>
- ↑ Alexandria gazette. [volume] (Alexandria, D.C.), 23 Dec. 1918. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85025007/1918-12-23/ed-1/seq-4/>
- ↑ Pritchard, ANET, 3rd Edition, p. 266
- ↑ "Fomorians." Encyclopedia Mythica from Encyclopedia Mythica Online. <http://www.pantheon.org/articles/f/fomorians.html> [Accessed November 29, 2008].
- ↑ The Oregon mist. (St. Helens, Columbia County, Or.), 08 May 1896. Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress. <https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/2004260421/1896-05-08/ed-1/seq-4/>
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