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Chromosome: Difference between revisions
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Chromosomes consist of two long strands of [[Deoxyribonucleic Acid]] (DNA) that are bound together, and twisted into the shape of a helix. Each chromosome contains a great many [[genes]]. | Chromosomes consist of two long strands of [[Deoxyribonucleic Acid]] (DNA) that are bound together, and twisted into the shape of a helix. Each chromosome contains a great many [[genes]]. | ||
This threadlike structure is found in the cells of every organism and is responsible for passing of characteristics to offspring is the process of heredity. They come in different shapes and sizes depending on what the organism is. In human body there are 46 chromosomes that inhibit the human body. The way that the chromosome is formed is that proteins, which are known as histones bend and coil the DNA strands, which then forms the chromosome. This is why DNA inhibits most of the space in the chromosome. In each organism there is a certain number of chromosomes. In cell division the chromosome takes on an important role. When the new cells are formed by division they produce daughter cells. When there was one cell there is now two cells. Each of these are duplicated chromosomes. During this process the chromosome are formed into rodlike structures but are paired. The new cell that is then formed will receive one of each pair of the rodlike structure. This way the cell then has a chromosome that is like the original chromosome cell. A process called rearrangement can cause the cells to break off one chromosome and join another chromosome. This can cause problems for the chromosome. This process may cause a disease to travel from the parent to the child because of the rearrangement of the chromosome. Cancer cells are an example of the chromosome number or the structure are changed. (World Book)A chromosome is the DNA molecule that contains most or all of the genetic information of the cell or virus. In Eukayotes, a structure composed of DNA and proteins that bear part of the genetic information of the cell. (Purves, G-5) In a eukaryotic cell the chromosome is contained within the organelle known as the nucleus. Before the synthesis of DNA each of the chromosomes have only one double stranded DNA molecule : after the DNA has been replicated the new DNA molecule is called chromatids. These chromatids are then held together by cohesin. When the cell is in inter phase the chromosome has many DNA molecules roaming around the nucleosmoes(Purves, 196) | This threadlike structure is found in the cells of every organism and is responsible for passing of characteristics to offspring is the process of heredity. They come in different shapes and sizes depending on what the organism is. In human body there are 46 chromosomes that inhibit the human body. The way that the chromosome is formed is that proteins, which are known as histones bend and coil the DNA strands, which then forms the chromosome. This is why DNA inhibits most of the space in the chromosome. In each organism there is a certain number of chromosomes. In cell division the chromosome takes on an important role. When the new cells are formed by division they produce daughter cells. When there was one cell there is now two cells. Each of these are duplicated chromosomes. During this process the chromosome are formed into rodlike structures but are paired. The new cell that is then formed will receive one of each pair of the rodlike structure. This way the cell then has a chromosome that is like the original chromosome cell. A process called rearrangement can cause the cells to break off one chromosome and join another chromosome. This can cause problems for the chromosome. This process may cause a disease to travel from the parent to the child because of the rearrangement of the chromosome. Cancer cells are an example of the chromosome number or the structure are changed. (World Book)A chromosome is the DNA molecule that contains most or all of the genetic information of the cell or virus. In Eukayotes, a structure composed of DNA and proteins that bear part of the genetic information of the cell.(Purves, G-5) In a eukaryotic cell the chromosome is contained within the organelle known as the nucleus. Before the synthesis of DNA each of the chromosomes have only one double stranded DNA molecule : after the DNA has been replicated the new DNA molecule is called chromatids. These chromatids are then held together by cohesin. When the cell is in inter phase the chromosome has many DNA molecules roaming around the nucleosmoes(Purves, 196) | ||
== Variations Among Organisms == | == Variations Among Organisms == | ||
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===Chromsomes in Eukaryotes=== | |||
In the Eukaryotic cell the nucleus has many large linear chromosomes. The chromosomes contained within this nucleus all have a centronmere, which is a special sequence or structure in a part of the chromosome. Chromatin is a protein that is made up of DNA that is found with in the nucleus. This is what packages the chromosomes. While the chromatin goes through a phase called interphase the chromosome is not yet seen. The eukaryotic cell goes through a stage known as mitosis or meiosis. During this stage the cell turns in to a form that is easier to move and is smaller. Because of the size of the cell the chromosome is then visible. When the microtubules form a spindle within the cell it can attach to the chromosome. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome] | |||
===Chromsomes in Prokaryotes=== | |||
==Structure of the Chromosome== | ==Structure of the Chromosome== | ||
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During sexual reproduction each offspring receives a gamete from their parent. A parent gives their offspring chromosomes, which are the gamete. Each of the gametes have a set of chromosome. During sexual reproduction the gametes or eff and sperm combine in order to make on cell. This one cell is known as a zygote. The zygote now contains two sets of chromosome. Somatic cells are those that inhibit multi cellular orgamisms that are not sued for reproduction these cells have two sets of chromosomes. One chromosome of these somatic cells are from their parent. These members appear to be the same size and appearance, which makes them homologous. Their genetic info are not identical to the two chromosomes, the number of chromosomes within the gamete is noted by n. the cell is called haploid. The fertilization is the fusion of two haploid gametes. The zygote is then the result. There is now 2 chromosomes and the zygote, which is call diploid. (Purves, 175) | During sexual reproduction each offspring receives a gamete from their parent. A parent gives their offspring chromosomes, which are the gamete. Each of the gametes have a set of chromosome. During sexual reproduction the gametes or eff and sperm combine in order to make on cell. This one cell is known as a zygote. The zygote now contains two sets of chromosome. Somatic cells are those that inhibit multi cellular orgamisms that are not sued for reproduction these cells have two sets of chromosomes. One chromosome of these somatic cells are from their parent. These members appear to be the same size and appearance, which makes them homologous. Their genetic info are not identical to the two chromosomes, the number of chromosomes within the gamete is noted by n. the cell is called haploid. The fertilization is the fusion of two haploid gametes. The zygote is then the result. There is now 2 chromosomes and the zygote, which is call diploid. (Purves, 175) | ||
==Heredity== | ==Heredity== | ||
