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Mutation: Difference between revisions
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It is however difficult to say that a given mutation which is considered to be neutral has no negative effect upon an organism if it is fixed in the genome because genomes are highly compressed, and that genetic sequences are often overlapping or nested. Anuj Kumar has stated in 'An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes' | It is however difficult to say that a given mutation which is considered to be neutral has no negative effect upon an organism if it is fixed in the genome because genomes are highly compressed, and that genetic sequences are often overlapping or nested. Anuj Kumar has stated in 'An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes', | ||
{{cquote|For more than 30 years, we have understood that genes may be organized within genomic DNA in complex spatial arrangements. In particular, gene-coding sequences can overlap: a given segment of genomic DNA can encode more than one gene product, with the overlapping genes often oriented on opposite strands. In some cases, the overlapping genes are organized such that one gene is entirely contained within the chromosomal region occupied by another gene. In such instances, the internal gene is referred to as a “nested” gene.}} | {{cquote|For more than 30 years, we have understood that genes may be organized within genomic DNA in complex spatial arrangements. In particular, gene-coding sequences can overlap: a given segment of genomic DNA can encode more than one gene product, with the overlapping genes often oriented on opposite strands. In some cases, the overlapping genes are organized such that one gene is entirely contained within the chromosomal region occupied by another gene. In such instances, the internal gene is referred to as a “nested”<ref>[http://ec.asm.org/content/8/9/1321.full An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes] by [[Anuj Kumar]]. ''[[Eukaryotic Cell]]'' September 2009 vol. 8 no. 9 1321-1329.</ref> gene.}} | ||
Furthermore, sequences of information in a genome may be comprised of nucleotides which are at different loci on the DNA molecule, and may be part of other sequences which may or many not be directly related in function, as stated by Elizabeth Pennisi | Furthermore, sequences of information in a genome may be comprised of nucleotides which are at different loci on the DNA molecule, and may be part of other sequences which may or many not be directly related in function, as stated by Elizabeth Pennisi, | ||
{{cquote|According to a painstaking new analysis of 1% of the human genome, genes can be sprawling, with far-flung protein-coding and regulatory regions that overlap with other genes.}} | {{cquote|According to a painstaking new analysis of 1% of the human genome, genes can be sprawling, with far-flung protein-coding and regulatory regions that overlap with other genes.<ref>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5831/1556 DNA Study Forces Rethink of What It Means to Be a Gene] by [[Elizabeth Pennisi]]. ''[[Science]]'' 15 June 2007, Vol. 316 no. 5831 pp. 1556-1557</ref>}} | ||
Since the base pairs of a sequence may be part of one or more other sequences, if a mutation substitutes a nucleotide with a different one, entropy may result to any sequences that share the nucleotide. For example, it is common in eukaryotic cells that a given genetic sequence may code for multiple proteins or mRNAs, such as the human cSlo sequence which codes for 576 variants.<ref>[http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(00)80444-4 Tune, but What Are the Instruments?] by [[Douglas L. Black]]. ''[[Neuron]]'' , Vol. 20, 165–168, February, 1998</ref>. It may also be that a sequence which expresses a protein may share nucleotide with a sequence which functions to regulate gene expression, causing entropy to both genes simultaneously, which can be understood by the statement of Dr. John Stamatoyannopoulos | Since the base pairs of a sequence may be part of one or more other sequences, if a mutation substitutes a nucleotide with a different one, entropy may result to any sequences that share the nucleotide. For example, it is common in eukaryotic cells that a given genetic sequence may code for multiple proteins or mRNAs, such as the human cSlo sequence which codes for 576 variants.<ref>[http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(00)80444-4 Tune, but What Are the Instruments?] by [[Douglas L. Black]]. ''[[Neuron]]'' , Vol. 20, 165–168, February, 1998</ref>. It may also be that a sequence which expresses a protein may share nucleotide with a sequence which functions to regulate gene expression, causing entropy to both genes simultaneously, which can be understood by the statement of Dr. John Stamatoyannopoulos, a genome scientist who led a team that discovered a second code hidden in DNA, | ||
{{cquote|The fact that the genetic code can simultaneously write two kinds of information means that many DNA changes that appear to alter protein sequences may actually cause disease by disrupting gene control programs or even both mechanisms simultaneously.}} | {{cquote|The fact that the genetic code can simultaneously write two kinds of information means that many DNA changes that appear to alter protein sequences may actually cause disease by disrupting gene control programs or even both mechanisms simultaneously.<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131212142151.htm Scientists discover double meaning in genetic code] by [[John Stamatoyannopoulos]]. ''[[Science Daily]]'' December 12, 2013.</ref>}} | ||
This poses a great conundrum for evolution theory. Evolutionists claim that the base mechanism of evolution is mutations which increasing genetic information and ultimately define new anatomical structures and biological function. Yet many mutations cause genetic entropy which is compound because of the compressed nature of genomes. Therefore, to believe that accruing mutation designs new information, features and functions is like believing that one can walk uphill by taking one step forward and two steps backward, and any mutation which is fixed in a genome should be carefully considered before it is said to be truly neutral. | This poses a great conundrum for evolution theory. Evolutionists claim that the base mechanism of evolution is mutations which increasing genetic information and ultimately define new anatomical structures and biological function. Yet many mutations cause genetic entropy which is compound because of the compressed nature of genomes. Therefore, to believe that accruing mutation designs new information, features and functions is like believing that one can walk uphill by taking one step forward and two steps backward, and any mutation which is fixed in a genome should be carefully considered before it is said to be truly neutral. | ||
