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Mutation: Difference between revisions
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It is however difficult to say that a given mutation which is considered to be neutral has no negative effect upon an organism if it is fixed in the genome because genomes are highly compressed, and that genetic sequences are often overlapping or nested. Anuj Kumar has stated in 'An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes'<ref name=Anuj Kumar>[http://ec.asm.org/content/8/9/1321.full An Overview of Nested Genes in Eukaryotic Genomes] by [[Anuj Kumar]]. ''[[Eukaryotic Cell]]'' September 2009 vol. 8 no. 9 1321-1329.</ref> , | |||
"For more than 30 years, we have understood that genes may be organized within genomic DNA in complex spatial arrangements. In particular, gene-coding sequences can overlap: a given segment of genomic DNA can encode more than one gene product, with the overlapping genes often oriented on opposite strands (3, 22, 44, 55, 67, 69, 71). In some cases, the overlapping genes are organized such that one gene is entirely contained within the chromosomal region occupied by another gene (25, 36). In such instances, the internal gene is referred to as a “nested” gene." | |||
Furthermore, sequences of information in a genome may be comprised of nucleotides which are at different loci on the DNA molecule, and may be part of other sequences which may or many not be directly related in function, as stated by Eliizabeth Pennisi<ref name=Eliizabeth Pennisi>[http://www.sciencemag.org/content/316/5831/1556 DNA Study Forces Rethink of What It Means to Be a Gene] by [[Eliizabeth Pennisi]]. ''[[Science]]'' 15 June 2007, Vol. 316 no. 5831 pp. 1556-1557</ref>, | |||
"According to a painstaking new analysis of 1% of the human genome, genes can be sprawling, with far-flung protein-coding and regulatory regions that overlap with other genes." | |||
Since the base pairs of a sequence may also be part of one or more other sequences, if a mutation substitutes a nucleotide with a different one, entropy may result to any sequences that share the nucleotide. It may also be that a sequence which expresses a protein may share nucleotied with a sequence which functions to regulate gene expression, causing entropy to both genes simultaneously, ans stated by Dr. John Stamatoyannopoulos<ref name=John Stamatoyannopoulos>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/12/131212142151.htm Genetic Variability by Design] by [[John Stamatoyannopoulos]]. ''[[Science Daily]]'' December 12, 2013.</ref> , a genome scientist who led a team that discovered a second code hidden in DNA, | |||
“The fact that the genetic code can simultaneously write two kinds of information means that many DNA changes that appear to alter protein sequences may actually cause disease by disrupting gene control programs or even both mechanisms simultaneously.” | |||
This poses a great canundrum for evolution theory. Evolutionists claim that the base mechanism of evolution mutations which increasing genetic information and ultimately define new anatomical structures and biological function. Yet many mutations cause genetic entropy which is compound because of the compressed nature of genomes. Therefore, to believe that mutation designs new information, features and functions by numerous accumilated mutations is like believing that one can walk uphill by taking one step forward and two steps backward. | |||
== New information == | == New information == | ||
