Evidence for the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt: Difference between revisions

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Evidence for the Israelite Sojourn in Egypt (view source)

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If the traditional dates of the Egyptian dynasties were right, one might expect to find evidence for [[Moses]] and the Israelites in the 18th dynasty, however, no such direct evidence has been found. There is evidence in the lines of the Pharaohs however, both in their names and the chronology of their succession. The names of Pharaohs that closely align with the name of Moses, would start with TutMoses-I. His daughter Neferu-Ra married TutMoses-II who didn't last very long. Neferu-Ra then changed her name to Hatsepshut and ruled as a Pharaoh because her son TutMoses-III was too young to rule. Hatsepshut had a vizier named Semnut, the images of which are strongly Semitic, leading some to suggest that Moses is Semnut. At some juncture, both Semnut and Hatsepshut vanish from the records and TutMoses III takes over, ruling the Egyptian kingdom in one of its most aggressive expansions for thirty years. He was succeeded by Amenhotep II, who reigned for only ten years, cut short in the prime of his own aggressive expansion. These forty years are purported to be the time of Moses' exile, and Amenhotep II would be the Pharaoh of the Exodus. In addition, neither Amenhotep II nor his successor, TutMosis-IV were first-born children, making them immune to the Passover event.
If the traditional dates of the Egyptian dynasties were right, one might expect to find evidence for [[Moses]] and the Israelites in the 18th dynasty, however, no such direct evidence has been found. There is evidence in the lines of the Pharaohs however, both in their names and the chronology of their succession. The names of Pharaohs that closely align with the name of Moses, would start with TutMoses-I. His daughter Neferu-Ra married TutMoses-II who didn't last very long. Neferu-Ra then changed her name to Hatsepshut and ruled as a Pharaoh because her son TutMoses-III was too young to rule. Hatsepshut had a vizier named Semnut, the images of which are strongly Semitic, leading some to suggest that Moses is Semnut. At some juncture, both Semnut and Hatsepshut vanish from the records and TutMoses III takes over, ruling the Egyptian kingdom in one of its most aggressive expansions for thirty years. He was succeeded by Amenhotep II, who reigned for only ten years, cut short in the prime of his own aggressive expansion. These forty years are purported to be the time of Moses' exile, and Amenhotep II would be the Pharaoh of the Exodus. In addition, neither Amenhotep II nor his successor, TutMosis-IV were first-born children, making them immune to the Passover event.


The Bible also mentions that the Israelites settled in the 'land of [[Rameses]]' or what is more likely, the 'land of [[Ra]]' (the fertile Nile Delta / Goshen) ({{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=47|verses=11}})and later built the towns of Rameses and Pithom ({{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=1|verses=11}}).  The Pharaohs were usually named after the god of the Egyptians, [[Ra]].  'Rameses' means 'son of Ra'.  Rameses was also a pharaoh in the 19th dynasty but he had no association with the 'town of Rameses'.  
The Bible also mentions that the Israelites settled in the 'land of [[Rameses]]' or what is more likely, the 'land of [[Ra]]' (the fertile Nile Delta / Goshen) ({{Bible ref|book=Genesis|chap=47|verses=11}})and later built the towns of Rameses and Pithom ({{Bible ref|book=Exodus|chap=1|verses=11}}).  The Pharaohs were usually named after the god of the Egyptians, [[Ra]].  'Rameses' means 'son of Ra'.  Rameses was also a pharaoh in the 19th dynasty but he had no association with the 'town of Rameses'.  We now that the town of Rameses was built by Sesostris III (5th Pharaoh of the 12th dynasty).


[http://www.squidoo.com/redseacrossing Chariot wheels] with 8 spokes, covered with coral have been found at the bottom of the Red Sea in the gulf of Aqaba near Nuweiba (Wyatt 1978).  This has also provoked a search for Moses in the 18th dynasty as 8 spoked chariot wheels were thought to have been used only in the 18th dynasty.  Chariot wheels with 4 and 6 spokes were also found strewn across the bottom of the Red Sea by Wyatt in 1978. Perhaps 8 spoked chariot wheels were used in earlier dynasties or maybe they were deposited there after the exodus.
[http://www.squidoo.com/redseacrossing Chariot wheels] with 8 spokes, covered with coral have been found at the bottom of the Red Sea in the gulf of Aqaba near Nuweiba (Wyatt 1978).  This has also provoked a search for Moses in the 18th dynasty as 8 spoked chariot wheels were thought to have been used only in the 18th dynasty.  Chariot wheels with 4 and 6 spokes were also found strewn across the bottom of the Red Sea by Wyatt in 1978. There is, however, no evidence of a mass exodus of slaves in the 18h dynasty. Perhaps 8 spoked chariot wheels were used in earlier dynasties or maybe they were deposited there after the Exodus.


In the revised [[Egyptian chronology]], the 18th dynasty started around 1040BC and is contemporaneous with the United Kingdom of Israel when Saul, David and Solomon were kings in Israel.  
Just when chariot was introduced to Egypt has been been a point of contention for many archaeologists and historians.  Joseph was given a chariot to move around Egypt but this may not have been the sort of chariot that had wheels and was horse drawn.  It may have been a chariot that was carried by servants.  Horse drawn chariots were clearly available to the Egyptians at the time of the Exodus.  The Bible records that the Pharaoh pursued the Israelites with his army including 600 chariots.  These were lost in the Red Sea when Pharaoh's army attempted to follow the Israelites.  It would, therefore, follow that there would be no evidence of chariots in that dynasty as they were all destroyed in the Red Sea.  The fact that the chariot only dates back to the Hyksos 15th and 16th dynasty should not be surprising as the Exodus was in the 13th dynasty.


An important consideration is that the Bible mentions "chariots" in the time of Joseph and Moses both. The Hyksos introduced the chariot to Egypt.  The 18th dynasty was preceded by the [[Second Intermediate Period]] which comprised dynasties 14-17. The [[Hyksos]] were foreigners to Egypt who took over and ruled [[Lower Egypt]] after the 13th dynasty (15th and 16th dynasty) for around 400 years.  Some archaeologist thought that the [[Hyksos]] leaving Egypt could have been the Exodus that they were searching for.  The Hyksos, while they were foreigner to Egypt like the Israelites, they were not slaves. The [[Hyksos]] were rulers of Egypt during the 15th and 16th dynasty (the Second Intermediate Period) and so they could not have been the Israelites leaving Egypt.  Some suggest that the Hyksos appear to have invaded Egypt not long after the Israelite Exodus which left Egypt crippled. However, Pharaoh chased Moses and the Israelites with '''over 600 chariots''', so there's no way that the Hyksos could have arrived in Egypt after the Israelites left.  
Egypt was crippled by the plagues that preceded the Exodus and the loss of it's army, pharaoh, transportation system and it's slaves at the time of the Exodus.


The date of the Exodus of 1446BC would fit with the Exodus being at the end of the 13th dynasty in [[Egyptian chronology|Down's revised chronology of Egypt]]. It also fits with the middle of the 18th Dynasty in post-Hyksos Egypt.
Following the Exodus, the Hyksos used the chariot to invade Egypt and occupy lower Egypt for the next 400 years.


It is likely that the Israelites were oppressed and enslaved for the duration of the 18th dynasty.
The 18th dynasty was preceded by the [[Second Intermediate Period]] which comprised dynasties 15-17. The [[Hyksos]] were foreigners to Egypt who took over and ruled [[Lower Egypt]] after the 14th dynasty (15th and 16th dynasty) for around 400 years.  Some archaeologist thought that the [[Hyksos]] leaving Egypt could have been the Exodus that they were searching for.  The Hyksos, while they were foreigner to Egypt like the Israelites, they were not slaves. The [[Hyksos]] were rulers of Egypt during the 15th and 16th dynasty (the Second Intermediate Period) and so they could not have been the Israelites leaving Egypt.  Some suggest that the Hyksos appear to have invaded Egypt not long after the Israelite Exodus which left Egypt crippled.


The [[18th dynasty]] lasted almost 200 years.  Pyramid-building had all but ceased prior to the Hebrew slaves.  
The pyramids of the 12th dynasty were constructed out of mudbricks and then faced with limestone.  Archaeologists have generally discounted the possibility that the Israelites had anything to do with the building of the pyramids because of the issues of chariots.


A large slave labor force was required to make this many mud bricks and we know that the Israelites were given the task of making mud bricks that contained straw. They were not the only slaves the Egyptians ever used, however.  
If the Exodus did take place during the 13th dynasty, then it is quite likely that the Israelites were enslaved during the 12th dynasty and were required to make the mud bricks that went into them.
 
A large slave labor force was required to make this many mud bricks and we know from the Bible that there were around two million Israelites in Egypt by the time of the Exodus.
 
The Bible also says that the Israelites were given the task of making mud bricks that contained straw.


[[Josephus]] even tells us that the Israelites were given the task of making Pyramids, but the word "pyramid" would never have been used by pre-Alexandrian Jews, so the best we can surmise is that they were constructing things for the Egyptians, including towers, large structures and housing.
[[Josephus]] even tells us that the Israelites were given the task of making Pyramids, but the word "pyramid" would never have been used by pre-Alexandrian Jews, so the best we can surmise is that they were constructing things for the Egyptians, including towers, large structures and housing.


[[Flinders Petrie]] found a workers village in 1890 at Kahun.  It seem to have been occupied from the time of [[Sesostris II]] (2nd pharaoh of the 12 dynasty) until the 13th dynasty. 
[[Flinders Petrie]] found a workers village in 1890 at Kahun.  It seem to have been occupied from the time of [[Sesostris II]] (2nd pharaoh of the 12 dynasty) until the 13th dynasty.
 
Pyramid-building ceased long before the Hebrews were slaves.  


The Pharaoh who built the last pyramid ([[Amenemhet III]]) had no sons; just a daughter named [[Sobeknefru]].  When he died, his daughter had to take over the throne but she only lived for 8 yrs and when she died the 12th dynasty ended.  This of course draws no connection to the Hebrews.
The Pharaoh who built the last pyramid ([[Amenemhet III]]) had no sons; just a daughter named [[Sobeknefru]].  When he died, his daughter had to take over the throne but she only lived for 8 yrs and when she died the 12th dynasty ended.  This of course draws no connection to the Hebrews.
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