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Chlorine: Difference between revisions
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==Properties== | ==Properties== | ||
Chlorine is usually found combined in nature because of its reactivity, as a gas each molecule has two atoms of chlorine | Chlorine is usually found combined in nature because of its reactivity, as a gas each molecule has two atoms of chlorine. Since sodium is very desirable for making washing soda, Chlorine was available in large quantities cheaply, and its chemistry was thoroughly explored. Chlorine gases are made up of diatomic molecules, as the formula Cl<sub>2</sub>. The gas can be smelled in the air at 3 parts per million(ppm), and is irritating to the nose, mouth, and lungs. It causes throat irritation at 15 ppm, coughing at 30 ppm, and causes deadly effects after a few deep breaths at 1,000 ppm. | ||
Chlorine gas is easy to dissolve in [[water]], and chemical reactions occur that produce [[hydrochloric acid]] (HCl) and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), plus some unreacted Cl<sub>2</sub>. This is called chlorine water and it is used to kill [[germs]] in water or to bleach papers and fabrics. | |||
Chlorinated hydrocarbons have had some of their hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine atoms. A variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons have been used as [[insecticides]]. One of the earliest to be used was DDT, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane. However, it caused serious environmental problems, and it is not used as much as before in the [[United States]]. | Chlorinated hydrocarbons have had some of their hydrogen atoms replaced by chlorine atoms. A variety of chlorinated hydrocarbons have been used as [[insecticides]]. One of the earliest to be used was DDT, dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane. However, it caused serious environmental problems, and it is not used as much as before in the [[United States]]. | ||
Other chlorinated hydrocarbons are used as pesticides in the farms, but all of these compounds are very stable so they last a long time in the environment, and are becoming a serious problem.[http://science.jrank.org/pages/1438/Chlorine-Properties-uses-chlorine.html] | Other chlorinated hydrocarbons are used as pesticides in the farms, but all of these compounds are very stable so they last a long time in the environment, and are becoming a serious problem.[http://science.jrank.org/pages/1438/Chlorine-Properties-uses-chlorine.html] | ||
==Preparation== | |||
It is prepared commercially by passing electricity through a water solution of sodium chloride or through molten sodium chloride. The electrolysis of a water solution of sodium chloride is known as the chloralkali process. This process also makes [[sodium hydroxide]], with [[hydrogen]] as a byproduct. Sometimes the chlorine and sodium hydroxide are mixed to make [[sodium hypochlorite]], a common bleach. | |||
Chlorine can be made by reacting [[manganese dioxide]] with hydrochloric acid. | |||
:MnO<sub>2</sub> + 4 HCl --> MnCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub> | |||
==Occurrences== | ==Occurrences== | ||
Chlorine is abundant in the lithosphere, and it is estimated to be about 0.045%. Its strong chemical affinity for other elements means that it never occurs in the free state, except as a minor component of the gaseous output from volcanic eruptions. Chlorine is a compound of the most common minerals; rock salt or halite(NaCl), sylvite(KCl) and carnallite(MgCl12.KCl.6H20). | Chlorine is abundant in the lithosphere, and it is estimated to be about 0.045%. Its strong chemical affinity for other elements means that it never occurs in the free state, except as a minor component of the gaseous output from volcanic eruptions. Chlorine is a compound of the most common minerals; rock salt or halite(NaCl), sylvite(KCl) and carnallite(MgCl12.KCl.6H20). | ||
