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[[Image:Bol2runa.jpg|150px|right]]'''Ruth''' ([[Hebrew]] '''ר֑וּת''', [[Name means::friend]]) (m. [[Married::2682 AM]], [[Married::2692d AM|2692 AM]]) was a [[Moab]]itish woman who married two [[Israel]]ites and became an ancestress of [[Jesus Christ]]. Her story is one of great faith, demonstrated almost flawlessly.<ref name=Barton>Barton GA, ''et al.'', "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=483&letter=R Ruth, Book of]," ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906. Accessed January 20, 2009.</ref> | |||
== | == Genealogy == | ||
{{treeElimelech}} | |||
== Background == | |||
The [[Bible]] says nothing of the prior history of Ruth, other than that she was a descendant of [[Moab]]. Many commentators have suggested that she was a princess of the royal house of Moab, perhaps a daughter of King [[Eglon]]. But her willingness to leave her family behind and move to a foreign land, and her modest conduct while in that land, are not consistent with a royal origin. She seems to have been a bashful and self-effacing young woman, accustomed, or at least adaptable, to asking for grace rather than demanding her just due, whatever she might have thought that might be. | |||
== First marriage == | |||
[[ | How she came to marry a foreign resident, the Bible does not say. In 2682 AM, she married [[Mahlon]], son of [[Elimelech]], a relatively prominent man who had come to Moab from [[Bethlehem]] in [[Israel]] on account of a severe famine in that country. Elimelech had recently died and left two sons. Mahlon was one; the other was [[Chilion]], who married a fellow countrywoman of Ruth's named [[Orpah]]. Ruth was married to Mahlon for ten years, but had no children. | ||
== Emigration == | |||
[[Image:800px-1795-William-Blake-Naomi-entreating-Ruth-Orpah.jpg|thumb|left|Ruth mourning on Naomi]]In 2692, Mahlon and Chilion both died. Now [[Naomi]], Elimelech's widow, said that she had heard that the famine in Israel was over, and she planned to return there. She told Ruth and Orpah that they should each return to her mother's house, but they declined and said that they would rather follow her. After they had traveled part of the way, Naomi told the two women again that they ought to return. She added that she was not likely to find another husband, and therefore Ruth and Orpah would not likely have any other men to marry in order to secure for them a portion of Elimelech's estate, as would otherwise be their right under the levirate law.<ref name=Schechter>Schechter S and Jacobs J, "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=293&letter=L Levirate marriage]," ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906. Accessed January 20, 2009.</ref> | |||
== | Orpah finally said goodbye and returned to her mother's house. But Ruth clung to Naomi and begged her not to send her back. She then made a thorough profession of faith: that she would go where Naomi went and sleep where Naomi slept, regard the Israelites as her own people and worship the [[God]] of Israel, and even die and be buried in Israel. Naomi stopped arguing and allowed Ruth to accompany her to her home town of [[Bethlehem]]. | ||
The people in Bethlehem knew Naomi well. But Naomi now asked the townsfolk not to call her Naomi any more, but to call her Mara (literally, bitter), because God had treated her bitterly. | |||
== The Gleaner == | |||
[[Image:Ruth.jpg|right|250px]]Ruth and Naomi arrived in Bethlehem on or about 1 Abib 2692 AM, the beginning of the month of [[barley]] harvest. Ruth seems to have held no illusions about her status in Israel. She and Naomi were destitute, with no assets other than an estate that they could not manage and would probably have to sell. But Ruth familiarized herself with all the laws that the Israelites lived under, including those that made provision for the poor. This included the ''gleaning law.''{{Bible quote|Now when you reap the harvest of your land, you shall not reap to the very corners of your field, nor shall you gather the gleanings of your harvest. Nor shall you glean your vineyard, nor shall you gather the fallen fruit of your vineyard; you shall leave them for the needy and for the stranger.|book=Leviticus|chap=19|verses=9-10|version=NASB}} | |||
For Ruth, the decision was easy: she would not pretend to be anything other than a destitute foreigner, and would glean grain from a landowner who would allow it. Yet she would do nothing of that sort, or take any other action, without first asking Naomi's permission. So she asked permission, and Naomi granted it. ({{Bible ref|book=Ruth|chap=2|verses=2}}) | |||
The Bible says that Ruth "happened" to come to a portion of the lands of [[Boaz]], who was the richest landowner in Bethlehem. The role of [[randomness]], both in human affairs and in natural processes, has always been controversial. The story of Ruth, and in particular how Boaz made her welcome and what came of that welcome, illustrates well that ''nothing'' actually happens at random, and that God maintains a detailed and exacting control over natural and human events. | |||
So Ruth "happened" to come onto the property of Boaz, and Boaz "happened" to come to survey his land and confer with his harvesters on that very day. Boaz was as pious as he was wealthy; he greeted his harvesters by saying, "May the Lord be with you," and they answered him in kind. | |||
Boaz noticed her almost at once and asked about her. His foreman told Boaz that Ruth had asked permission to glean in his field, and had been working since the early morning, except that she took a brief rest in the farmhouse. | |||
Now Boaz made her welcome, and in a manner that far exceeded his duty under the gleaning law. First he enjoined her specifically from gleaning elsewhere, and declared that she would be under his personal protection from molestation or any other insult. Next he permitted her to drink from the workers' water supply and even to lunch with the women who participated in the harvest. He instructed his harvesters to allow her to glean among the bound sheaves and even to pull some grain out of the sheaves and drop it on the ground for her to pick up. Finally, he told her to feel free to glean during the entire harvest season. | |||
Ruth prostrated herself before Boaz and asked him why he should do her such favors, when she was a foreigner. He replied that he respected her ''because'' she had come to a foreign land and had done everything possible to support Naomi after Mahlon had died. | |||
At the end of that first day, Ruth gleaned an ephah (roughly an English bushel) of barley. She brought it to Naomi, who asked where she had been able to glean so much. When Ruth mentioned the name of Boaz, Naomi said that she recognized the name as that of a close relative of Elimelech, and one who perhaps could ''redeem'' Elimelech's impoverished estate.<ref name=Jacobs>Jacobs J, ''et al.'', "[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=291&letter=G Go'el]," ''The Jewish Encyclopedia'', 1906. Accessed January 20, 2009.</ref> | |||
== Redemption == | |||
Ruth continued to glean for three months, through the barley and [[wheat]] harvests. Then Naomi held a frank discussion with Ruth. Naomi sought to provide for Ruth's security. Naomi specifically called Ruth's attention to Boaz' position as a possible redeemer, or ''go'el'' ([[Hebrew]] '''גֹאֵ֖ל'''). The ''go'el'' was the nearest male relative to an impoverished man, or especially a deceased man who had left no issue or whose estate was encumbered by debt. The duties of the ''go'el'' were these: | |||
# The ''go'el'' must buy the estate in order to keep the land within the family. | |||
# If the decedent left a widow, the ''go'el'' must marry the widow, and their first-born son would inherit the estate and preserve the name of the deceased. | |||
The latter duty was an extension of the levirate law, which stated that a widow had the right to marry her late husband's brother, if he had one. {{Bible ref|When brothers live together and one of them dies and has no son, the wife of the deceased shall not be married outside the family to a strange man. Her husband's brother shall go in to her and take her to himself as wife and perform the duty of a husband's brother to her. It shall be that the firstborn whom she bears shall assume the name of his dead brother, so that his name will not be blotted out from Israel. But if the man does not desire to take his brother's wife, then his brother's wife shall go up to the gate to the elders and say, "My husband's brother refuses to establish a name for his brother in Israel; he is not willing to perform the duty of a husband's brother to me." Then the elders of his city shall summon him and speak to him. And if he persists and says, "I do not desire to take her," then his brother's wife shall come to him in the sight of the elders, and pull his sandal off his foot and spit in his face; and she shall declare, "Thus it is done to the man who does not build up his brother's house." In Israel his name shall be called, "The house of him whose sandal is removed."|book=Deuteronomy|chap=25|verses=5-10|version=NASB}} | |||
Mahlon and his brother were dead, but if levirate marriage were impossible, the ''go'el'' could still intervene. | |||
Naomi identified Boaz as the qualified ''go'el''. He was probably Elimelech's great-uncle. On the last night of the wheat harvest, Boaz would be winnowing his barley at the threshing floor (a special area of land reserved for winnowing). Naomi instructed Ruth to wash and anoint herself, dress herself in her most attractive attire, and go to the threshing floor secretly. Boaz would lie down next to a pile of barley, and Ruth was to uncover his feet and lie down beside him. He would then tell her what to do. | |||
Ruth did not argue; she told Naomi that whatever she said to do, Ruth would do. Ruth then did exactly as Naomi had told her, but she did not attempt anything so crude or forward as a romantic advance. Instead she uncovered Boaz' feet without disturbing him and then lay down at his feet. In that posture, she still preserved the same distance between herself, as a suppliant, and the generous property owner who had been her source of sustenance for three months. | |||
Later that night, Boaz awoke with a start and discovered a young woman lying at his feet. Surprised, he asked, "Who are you?" Ruth identified herself and made a frank proposal of marriage. She asked Boaz to spread his skirt over her (a Hebrew idiom for marriage), as was his duty to her as the ''go'el''. | |||
Though Boaz might have been obliged to do as Ruth was asking, Ruth was ''not'' obliged to make such a proposal. She could have sought a man much nearer her own age to marry. (Boaz was probably 124 years old at this time.) She had made this offer on account of Naomi, and Boaz recognized this and thanked her profusely. | |||
Boaz then told her that in fact Elimelech had another, closer living relative than he. Boaz proposed to ask this other relative in the morning whether he was willing to act as the ''go'el''. If he was not, then Boaz was. | |||
True to his word, Boaz spoke to the other man in front of ten witnesses about Elimelech's estate, and made clear that part of acting as redeemer would include marrying Elimelech's daughter-in-law. The other man then declined and renounced his rights in the matter. To signify this, he drew off his sandal, thus observing a custom similar to that described above for a brother refusing a levirate marriage. The Bible does not say that Boaz spat in the man's face, but only that he accepted the sandal and announced his intention to redeem Elimelech's estate and marry Ruth. | |||
The marriage appears to have taken place in the fourth month of the Jewish year, the month following the wheat harvest. Ruth fell pregnant almost immediately, and her son [[Obed]] was born next spring. The residents of Bethlehem acclaimed his birth, saying, {{Bible quote|A son has been born to Naomi!|book=Ruth|chap=4|verses=17|version=NASB}} | |||
Naomi nursed Obed, who later became the grandfather of King [[David]]. | |||
{{Bible portal}} | {{Bible portal}} | ||
== References == | |||
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[[Category:Bible]] | |||
[[Category:Biblical person]] | [[Category:Biblical person]] | ||
[[Category:Old Testament]] | [[Category:Old Testament]] | ||
[[Category:Genealogy]] | [[Category:Genealogy]] | ||
[[fr:Ruth]] | |||
