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Chromosome: Difference between revisions
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'''Chromosomes''' consist of two long strands of [[Deoxyribonucleic Acid]] (DNA) that are bound together, and twisted into the shape of a helix. The chromosome contains most or all of the genetic information of the cell or virus and a great many [[genes]]. This threadlike structure is found in the cells of every organism and is responsible for passing of characteristics to offspring is the process of heredity. | '''Chromosomes''' consist of two long strands of [[Deoxyribonucleic Acid]] (DNA) that are bound together, and twisted into the shape of a helix. The chromosome contains most or all of the genetic information of the cell or virus and a great many [[genes]]. This threadlike structure is found in the cells of every organism and is responsible for passing of characteristics to offspring is the process of heredity. | ||
In Eukaryotes, a structure composed of DNA and proteins that bare part of the genetic information of the cell.(Purves, G-5) In a eukaryotic cell the chromosome is contained within the organelle known as the [[nucleus]]. Before the synthesis of DNA each of the chromosomes have only one double stranded DNA molecule : after the DNA has been replicated the new DNA molecule is called chromatids. These chromatids are then held together by cohesin. When the cell is in interphase the chromosome has many DNA molecules roaming around the nucleosomes (Purves, 196). | In Eukaryotes, a structure composed of DNA and proteins that bare part of the genetic information of the cell.(Purves, G-5) In a eukaryotic cell the chromosome is contained within the organelle known as the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]]. Before the synthesis of DNA each of the chromosomes have only one double stranded DNA molecule : after the DNA has been replicated the new DNA molecule is called chromatids. These chromatids are then held together by cohesin. When the cell is in interphase the chromosome has many DNA molecules roaming around the nucleosomes (Purves, 196). | ||
== Variations Among Organisms == | == Variations Among Organisms == | ||
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===Chromsomes in Eukaryotes=== | ===Chromsomes in Eukaryotes=== | ||
In the Eukaryotic cell the nucleus has many large linear chromosomes. The chromosomes contained within this nucleus all have a centromere, which is a special sequence or structure in a part of the chromosome. Chromatin is a protein that is made up of DNA that is found with in the nucleus. This is what packages the chromosomes. While the chromatin goes through a phase called interphase the chromosome is not yet seen. The eukaryotic cell goes through a stage known as mitosis or meiosis. During this stage the cell turns in to a form that is easier to move and is smaller. Because of the size of the cell the chromosome is then visible. When the microtubules form a spindle within the cell it can attach to the chromosome. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome] | In the Eukaryotic cell the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] has many large linear chromosomes. The chromosomes contained within this nucleus all have a centromere, which is a special sequence or structure in a part of the chromosome. Chromatin is a protein that is made up of DNA that is found with in the nucleus. This is what packages the chromosomes. While the chromatin goes through a phase called interphase the chromosome is not yet seen. The eukaryotic cell goes through a stage known as mitosis or meiosis. During this stage the cell turns in to a form that is easier to move and is smaller. Because of the size of the cell the chromosome is then visible. When the microtubules form a spindle within the cell it can attach to the chromosome. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome] | ||
===Chromsomes in Prokaryotes=== | ===Chromsomes in Prokaryotes=== | ||
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===Chromatin=== | ===Chromatin=== | ||
The chromatin is located within the nucleus. The nucleus is the place where DNA combines with proteins to form chromatin. The chromatin is made up of long thin threads. The chromatin is needed in order for a chromosome to emerge. Before the cell goes through cell division the chromatin aggregates, which makes the structure that is known as the chromosome. (Purves, 70) In a eukaryotic cell there is a dense material made up of DNA and proteins. This material is the chromatin. During mitosis the chromatin is more coiled because its nucleosomes begin to coil. The chromatin continues to fold until the chromosome begins to separate. (Purves, 169-171) In some eukaryotes, chromatin is needed in order for transcription. This process is called chromatin remodeling. There are two types of chromatin: | The chromatin is located within the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]]. The nucleus is the place where DNA combines with proteins to form chromatin. The chromatin is made up of long thin threads. The chromatin is needed in order for a chromosome to emerge. Before the cell goes through cell division the chromatin aggregates, which makes the structure that is known as the chromosome. (Purves, 70) In a eukaryotic cell there is a dense material made up of DNA and proteins. This material is the chromatin. During mitosis the chromatin is more coiled because its nucleosomes begin to coil. The chromatin continues to fold until the chromosome begins to separate. (Purves, 169-171) In some eukaryotes, chromatin is needed in order for transcription. This process is called chromatin remodeling. There are two types of chromatin: | ||
Euchromatin- contains DNA that is to be transcribed to RNA. | Euchromatin- contains DNA that is to be transcribed to RNA. | ||
Heterochromatin- The genes are inactive and is not transcribed. (Purves, 294) | Heterochromatin- The genes are inactive and is not transcribed. (Purves, 294) | ||
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==DNA== | ==DNA== | ||
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a chain-like molecule that can be found in every living cell on earth. There are sections within the DNA that are what determine the passing of characteristic throughout a families life. DNA is found in the nucleus of most cells. They are found in threadlike structures, which are called chromosomes. DNA directs many things within the cell like the formation, growth, and the reproduction of a cell. Through the process of cell division the chromosome will give an equal amount of chromosomes to each of the new cell so that the DNA will have remnants from the original cell. this is how the DNA and the characteristics from the parent organisms get passed on. (World Book) | Deoxyribonucleic acid is a chain-like molecule that can be found in every living cell on earth. There are sections within the DNA that are what determine the passing of characteristic throughout a families life. DNA is found in the [[cell nucleus|nucleus]] of most cells. They are found in threadlike structures, which are called chromosomes. DNA directs many things within the cell like the formation, growth, and the reproduction of a cell. Through the process of cell division the chromosome will give an equal amount of chromosomes to each of the new cell so that the DNA will have remnants from the original cell. this is how the DNA and the characteristics from the parent organisms get passed on. (World Book) | ||
== Related References == | == Related References == | ||
