Mutation: Difference between revisions

There is also a massive mathematical challenge in regard to evolutionary changes and mutations, in particular the chance of obtaining the related mutations that evolution requires.

First and foremost, mutations are rare. They happen on average about once in every 10 million duplications of the DNA molecule (10⁷, a one followed by 7 zeroes). The problem comes when you need a series of related mutations to occur. The odds of getting two mutations that are related to one another is the product of their separate probabilities, one in 10⁷ x 10⁷ or 10¹⁴, a one followed by 14 zeroes, a hundred trillion! That would barely change the shape of a fly wing for example, this is a long way from a truly new structure, and certainly a long ways off from turning the fly into anything other than a fly.

Now since evolution needs the consistency of related mutations to work at all, what are the odds of getting three related mutations? That is one in a billion trillion, or 10²¹. Suddenly the ocean isn't big enough to hold enough bacteria to make that chance likely. You can quickly tell that at just three related mutations, evolution via mutations as its mechanism to produce ape to man changes is woefully inadequate.

Also quite contrary to evolution and mutations recent research published in the ''Journal of Molecular Biology'' by Douglas Axe, a [[protein]] scientist, shows just how exceptionally rare the chance of getting certain working protein sequences can be let alone whole genomic structure evolution from fish to man as ultimately predicted. In other words, as Dr. Axe wrote regarding the probability it is, "''less than one in a trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion trillion.''" [http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/dn/opinion/viewpoints/stories/DN-bchapman_10edi.ART.State.Edition1.43d902d.html]