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Skeletal system: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Vertebral column.png|250px|thumb|right|Human vertebral column]] | [[Image:Vertebral column.png|250px|thumb|right|Human vertebral column]] | ||
The '''skeletal system''' has many different functions that are neccesary for vertebrates to survive. It provides support for the overall body. It offers a place for muscle and tendons to attach. It provides a great amount of protection for the vital organs inside of the creature. Movement is also helped by the skeletal system, which adds leverage for increased range of motion. And finally, the bones of the skeletal system continuously produce blood cells. | |||
The | |||
== Joints == | == Joints == | ||
There are four different primary joints located throughout the body. These are the hinge, the ball and socket, the picot, and the glide joints. The each serve different purposes, and are located in areas best suited for those purposes. | There are four different primary joints located throughout the body. These are the hinge, the ball and socket, the picot, and the glide joints. The each serve different purposes, and are located in areas best suited for those purposes. | ||
=== Hinge === | === Hinge === | ||
The hinge joint is basically a hinge. It can move up and down or from side to side, but within a 180<sup>o</sup> range. A very common example of this is a person's elbow or knee. Hinge joints usually have a lot of stress placed on them, and the knee is a very common example of this. Knee surgery is more common than any other surgery performed on a joint, because they are used rigorously each day. They are the joints that move you up, down, forward, and they have to carry all of your weight. This stresses the knee joint so much that it is not uncommon for even an average person to damage them in some way. | The hinge joint is basically a hinge. It can move up and down or from side to side, but within a 180<sup>o</sup> range. A very common example of this is a person's elbow or knee. Hinge joints usually have a lot of stress placed on them, and the knee is a very common example of this. Knee surgery is more common than any other surgery performed on a joint, because they are used rigorously each day. They are the joints that move you up, down, forward, and they have to carry all of your weight. This stresses the knee joint so much that it is not uncommon for even an average person to damage them in some way. | ||
=== Ball and Socket === | === Ball and Socket === | ||
[[Image:Shoulder.gif|250px|thumb|left|The shoulder is an example of a ball and socket joint]] | [[Image:Shoulder.gif|250px|thumb|left|The shoulder is an example of a ball and socket joint]] | ||
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=== Pivot === | === Pivot === | ||
The pivot joint allows for the most movement out of all of the joints. The most common example of this joint is the neck, which can look from side to side, up and down, and almost any way at all. This joint is used primarily to be able to see your surroundings without turning your whole body. This helps when you are driving or carrying large objects, but other than that, there is little else that it can do. | The pivot joint allows for the most movement out of all of the joints. The most common example of this joint is the neck, which can look from side to side, up and down, and almost any way at all. This joint is used primarily to be able to see your surroundings without turning your whole body. This helps when you are driving or carrying large objects, but other than that, there is little else that it can do. | ||
=== Glide === | === Glide === | ||
The glide joint is similar to the ball and socket joint in terms of the range of movement, but there is no actual ball and socket. An excellent example of this is a person's wrist, which has extreme movability but no bulky ball and socket like the shoulder. Glide joints are also very delicate, and can be easily damaged. They are also very weak, and cannot apply very much force by themselves. For example, try lifting a 30 lb weight with your whole arm, and then try lifting the same weight using just your wrist. Gliding joints are useful, but lack a lot of support that allows other joints to apply more force. | The glide joint is similar to the ball and socket joint in terms of the range of movement, but there is no actual ball and socket. An excellent example of this is a person's wrist, which has extreme movability but no bulky ball and socket like the shoulder. Glide joints are also very delicate, and can be easily damaged. They are also very weak, and cannot apply very much force by themselves. For example, try lifting a 30 lb weight with your whole arm, and then try lifting the same weight using just your wrist. Gliding joints are useful, but lack a lot of support that allows other joints to apply more force. | ||
== Bone Types == | == Bone Types == | ||
[[Image:Compact and Spongy.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Diagram of the spongy and compact layers of the bone]] | [[Image:Compact and Spongy.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Diagram of the spongy and compact layers of the bone]] | ||
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=== Periosteum === | === Periosteum === | ||
The periosteum is hard and smooth. It provides protection to the rest of the layers of the bone. It is almost like the "skin" of the bones. The periosteum provides a site for the attachment of muscles, and also contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.[http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookMUSSKEL.html] | The periosteum is hard and smooth. It provides protection to the rest of the layers of the bone. It is almost like the "skin" of the bones. The periosteum provides a site for the attachment of muscles, and also contains nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.[http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookMUSSKEL.html] | ||
=== Compact === | === Compact === | ||
The compact bone is extremely dense and surrounds the spongy bone. The compact bone also contains many Haversian canals, which also contain nerves and blood vessels. This layer of bone gives the skeleton its strength and allows it to support your bodies mass.[http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm] | The compact bone is extremely dense and surrounds the spongy bone. The compact bone also contains many Haversian canals, which also contain nerves and blood vessels. This layer of bone gives the skeleton its strength and allows it to support your bodies mass.[http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm] | ||
=== Spongy === | === Spongy === | ||
The spongy bone is where all of the blood cells are created from the bone marrow. Spongy bone contains two different types of bone marrow: red and yellow marrow. The red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets. The yellow bone marrow, however, is used to store fats.[http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm] | The spongy bone is where all of the blood cells are created from the bone marrow. Spongy bone contains two different types of bone marrow: red and yellow marrow. The red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets. The yellow bone marrow, however, is used to store fats.[http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm] | ||
== Related References == | == Related References == | ||
*[http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_1_bone_functions.html Skeletal System] SEER | *[http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_1_bone_functions.html Skeletal System] SEER | ||
*[http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm Skeletal Information] PATTS | *[http://webschoolsolutions.com/patts/systems/skeleton.htm Skeletal Information] PATTS | ||
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{{Biology portal}} | {{Biology portal}} | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
[[Category:Anatomy]] | [[Category:Anatomy]] | ||
[[Category:Physiology]] | [[Category:Physiology]] | ||
