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Lupus

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== Introduction: What is Lupus? ==
== Introduction: What is Lupus? ==
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Lupus is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disease. In a healthy immune system, antibodies are produced that fight off foreign particles such as bacteria and viruses. However, in autoimmune diseases like lupus, antibodies are produced that cannot tell the difference between those foreign particles and the healthy tissues of the body (these are called autoantibodies). Therefore, they begin attacking healthy tissue, which causes pain and inflammation in many systems and organs of the body. The joints, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, eyes, blood, digestive system, and nervous system can all be affected. In addition to attacking healthy tissues, autoantibodies sometimes form abnormal molecules (immune complexes) by attaching to chemicals in the body. These cause increased inflammation in affected areas <ref name=intelihealth/>.
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Lupus is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune [[disease]]. In a healthy [[immune system]], [[antibodies]] are produced that fight off foreign particles such as bacteria and viruses. However, in autoimmune diseases like lupus, antibodies are produced that cannot tell the difference between those foreign particles and the healthy tissues of the body (these are called autoantibodies). Therefore, they begin attacking healthy tissue, which causes pain and inflammation in many systems and organs of the body. The joints, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, eyes, blood, digestive system, and nervous system can all be affected. In addition to attacking healthy tissues, autoantibodies sometimes form abnormal molecules (immune complexes) by attaching to chemicals in the body. These cause increased inflammation in affected areas <ref name=intelihealth/>.
== Causes ==
== Causes ==
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== See Also ==
== See Also ==
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* [[disease]]
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[[Category:Autoimmune disease]]

Revision as of 00:08, 23 October 2009

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Contents

Introduction: What is Lupus?

Lupus is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disease. In a healthy immune system, antibodies are produced that fight off foreign particles such as bacteria and viruses. However, in autoimmune diseases like lupus, antibodies are produced that cannot tell the difference between those foreign particles and the healthy tissues of the body (these are called autoantibodies). Therefore, they begin attacking healthy tissue, which causes pain and inflammation in many systems and organs of the body. The joints, skin, heart, lungs, kidneys, eyes, blood, digestive system, and nervous system can all be affected. In addition to attacking healthy tissues, autoantibodies sometimes form abnormal molecules (immune complexes) by attaching to chemicals in the body. These cause increased inflammation in affected areas [1].

Causes

The exact cause of lupus is currently unknown. Researchers are working to learn more about this disease. However, they do know that lupus is much more common among women than among men. Additionally, African American women are the most likely to get lupus, followed by Hispanic, Native American, and Asian women [2]. Since people who develop lupus are usually women between the ages of 15-45 (childbearing age), researchers think the cause may be linked to hormones. However, men and children under 15 have also been diagnosed with lupus [3]. Other possible factors contributing to lupus include genes, environment, and some medications.

Genes: There is not one gene responsible for lupus. Rather, several genes seem to contribute to an increased risk of developing the disease. Doctors believe that people who get lupus usually have a genetic predisposition for the disease. Lupus often runs in families, and people with close relatives who have lupus or another autoimmune disease are at greater risk for developing lupus themselves. However, genes are not the entire cause. Even if a person has an identical twin with lupus, they still only have a 30 to 50 percent chance of getting it [4]. Researchers think that people who are predisposed for lupus may develop lupus only if some other factor triggers the disease.

Hormones: Estrogen, although present in men as well as women, is found in much greater quantities in women. Estrogen production is especially high during menstrual periods and pregnancy, and many patients show worsened symptoms during these times, indicating that estrogen may play a role in triggering lupus [5].

Environmental Factors: Certain chemical toxins, a person's diet, exposure to ultraviolet light, exhaustion, or infections are all possible contributing factors for lupus [4]. Emotional stress caused by life circumstances such as divorce, illness or death of a loved one, or physical stress, such as that caused by pregnancy, surgery, or giving birth, may also be factors [5].

Drug-Induced Lupus: Certain drugs have been identified as the triggering factor for one form of lupus (drug-induced lupus), which is reversible. The symptoms usually go away when the patient stops taking the medication. The most common drugs that cause lupus are procainamide, hydralazine, isoniazid, penicillin and similar antibiotic drugs, and drugs that increase a persons sensitivity to the sun, including tetracycline drugs and sulfa drugs [5].

Forms

Lupus has several forms, including:

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE): SLE is the disease most commonly referred to when people are talking about lupus, as about 70 percent of people diagnoses with lupus have SLE[6]. The word systemic means that this form of lupus affects all the systems of the body. Symptoms of SLE can be mild or severe in different people. This form of the disease affects people of all ages, but mostly those between 15 and 45 years old. SLE leads to the most serious and potentially fatal complications because it affects several vital organs and body systems. Serious damage to the brain and nervous system, heart, lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels can occur as a result of SLE [2].

Discoid lupus erythematosus: People who develop the round, raised, scaly discoid lesions have discoid lupus. This form of the disease is limited to the skin and does not affect other body systems, but some people with discoid lupus may develop SLE later in life, and people with SLE can also have rashes as part of their symptoms [7]. Discoid rashes occur mostly on the upper body on the chest, neck, face, and scalp. A malar rash and rashes in the mouth, nose, and throat may also develop. Only about 10 percent of people with lupus have this form [6].

Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus: This form is also limited to the skin. Rashes develop after exposure to the sun and do not cause scarring. People with this form often also have SLE or discoid lupus [4].

Drug-induced lupus: Drug-induced lupus is brought on by certain prescription medications (see Causes section) and usually goes away after patients cease using the medication. Symptoms of this form are similar to those of SLE, except that there is rarely any damage to major organs. This form is more common in men than women because they are more likely to be prescribed the medications responsible for drug-induced lupus [5].

Neonatal lupus: Neonatal lupus is a rare form in which newborn babies of mothers with lupus (or sometimes another autoimmune disease like Sjögren’s syndrome) have symptoms of lupus such as skin rashes, liver problems, low blood counts, and heart problems. Researchers believe this form may be caused by the Anti-Ro and Anti-La antibodies. Mothers with these antibodies should be carefully monitored during pregnancy to ensure that the baby is healthy and detect any complications early on. Most mothers with lupus give birth to normal, healthy babies, and those infants with neonatal lupus tend to lose their symptoms after a few months [2].

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease: Doctors use this term to refer to a condition where patients have symptoms of more than one connective tissue disease [6]. This disease is also called overlap disease. Like lupus, it is difficult to diagnose because multiple diseases are involved. The diseases usually present with mixed connective tissue disease are lupus, scleroderma and polymyositis [8].

Symptoms

The symptoms of lupus vary widely in different people and can range from mild to severe. However, in most people suffering from lupus experience long periods of worsened symptoms called "flares", followed by periods of remission with lessened symptoms or no symptoms[9]. Arthritis, which causes pain and swelling in the joints, affects most lupus patients. Other common symptoms include a persistent low-grade fever, fatigue, headaches, anemia (low number of red blood cells), weight loss or gain, chest pain, hair loss, fingers turning white or blue in the cold, and skin rashes [9].

Skin rashes may take several forms, including discoid lesions and malar rashes. Discoid lesions are round, raised, and scaly, and they usually lead to scarring. These lesions appear on the upper body and scalp, and expand if left untreated. Discoid lesions on the scalp can cause hair loss by destroying the hair follicles [7]. The malar rash, characteristic of lupus, is a butterfly-shaped rash across the nose and cheeks. Another symptom of lupus is photosensitivity (sensitivity to the sun), and skin exposed to the sun may develop more severe rashes. In lupus, the skin can also be affected by vasculitis (inflammation of the blood vessels). The inflammation results in red welts, bumps, and lesions, and also can cause ulceration in the mucous membranes [7].

Other possible effects of lupus are neurological symptoms, psychiatric symptoms (including psychosis and hallucinations, memory loss, anxiety, and depression), and abnormal blood clotting [1]. Lupus affects many organs and body systems including the kidneys, heart, lungs, circulatory system, and central nervous system. The effects on the body can be very severe, since these systems are so important for overall health. Inflammation in the heart can damage the valves and cause heart murmurs, blood clots, heart failure, and swelling in the tissues around the heart (pericarditis) or, more rarely, in the heart itself (myocarditis). Swelling of the blood vessels has effects throughout the body, including extreme swelling as a result of blood clots, and increases the risk of having a stroke or heart attack[10]. Complications in the kidneys also have severe results as the kidneys are necessary for removing harmful toxins from the body[2].

Diagnosis

Lupus is difficult to diagnose, in part because of its rarity. Doctors do not often encounter it and so do not recognize its patterns [11]. Patients may appear to recover when in actuality they are in a period of remission. In addition, symptoms vary widely in different people and often mimic those of other diseases and syndromes.

It may take months or years to identify lupus as the cause of a patient's symptoms. In addition to doing medical tests, doctors also need a thorough account of the patient's medical history and the medical history of close family members. This helps identify flare patterns and determine whether the patient has a genetic predisposition for the disease. There is no single test that can be used to diagnose lupus. However, the American College of Rheumatology has developed 11 criteria to aid doctors in detecting lupus. If a patient has four or more of the following symptoms, there is reason to believe they may have lupus:

  • butterfly-shaped malar rash on the face (covers cheeks and the bridge of the nose)
  • discoid rash (scaly patches on the skin)
  • photosensitivity, resulting in rashes after exposure to the sun
  • ulcers (sores) in the mouth
  • arthritis in two or more joints
  • swelling around the heart or lungs
  • kidney disease
  • neurological disorders (including seizures or psychosis)
  • low count of red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
  • positive anti-nuclear antibody tests, indicating an autoimmune disease
  • other positive blood tests, again indicating an autoimmune disease

If a doctor suspects their patient may have lupus, there are several ways to make further confirmation and eliminate the possibility of other diseases that cause similar symptoms. This is important because the symptoms of lupus are similar to those of other diseases, so much so that lupus has been called "the great imitator".

ANA Test: Initially, doctors perform an anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) test, which measures the level of antinuclear antibodies (those that attack the cell nucleus) in the patient. This test is effective in determining whether someone could have lupus, since 98 percent of people with lupus have high levels of ANA. However, even with a positive result, more testing is necessary. Around 20 percent of healthy women also have high ANA levels, and a positive result to the ANA test can be due to other autoimmune diseases such as scleroderma, Sjögren syndrom, or rheumatoid arthritis [12].

Anti-ds DNA test: If the ANA test results are positive, doctors perform other tests for more specific antibodies associated with lupus. One such test is for the presence of anti-double stranded DNA (Anti-ds DNA), usually found only in patients with lupus. The Anti-ds DNA often causes damage to the blood vessels and, when present at high levels, to the kidneys [12].

Anti-Sm antibody test: Anti-Smith antibodies (Anti-Sm antibodies), present in roughly 30 percent of those with lupus, are also tested for. Anti-Sm antibodies, found in the cell nucleus, are present for lupus but usually not for other rheumatic diseases [13].

Anti-RNP test: Antibodies to ribonucleoprotein (Anti-RNP) are found in people with Anti-Sm antibodies, and in high levels they indicate mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD), which has symptoms very like those of lupus [13].

Anti-Ro and Anti-LA tests: Anti-Ro (Anti-SSA) and Anti-La (Anti-SSB) antibodies, which contribute to photosensitivity and skin rashes, often are found in patients with neonatal lupus. These antibodies may also be caused by Sjögren’s syndrome or, rarely, by a form of lupus called Ro lupus [12].

Antiphospholipid antibody tests: Antiphospholipid antibodies are often correlated with blood irregularities such as clots and narrow blood vessels. The two major types doctors test for are anticoagulant antibodies (APL) and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA). The test for APL antibodies measures the length of time it takes the blood to clot, with a longer-than-normal length of time indicating the presence of APL [12]. To test for ACA antibodies, an ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) test is administered. Positive results often are because the person has lupus[13].

Besides testing for the presence of certain antibodies, doctors perform laboratory tests confirm their diagnosis. These tests are helpful in monitoring symptoms as lupus progresses as well.

Complete blood count: In a complete blood count, many measurements are taken, including a count of both red and white blood cells and platelets, the amount of hemoglobin in the blood, the amount of blood made up of red blood cells (hematocrit), and the size of the red blood cells (mean corpuscular volume)[14]. Lupus causes a decrease in levels of red blood cells (in 40 percent of lupus patients), white blood cells (in 15 to 20 percent of lupus patients), and platelets (in 25 to 35 percent of lupus patients)[13].

ESR test: An erythrocyte sedimentation rate test is a nonspecific test used to measure the amount of inflammation in the body. Doctors usually perform multiple tests over a long period of time to track changes in the level of inflammation in a patient. Factors other than inflammation, such as anemia, pregnancy, infection, and even old age also cause higher ESR levels[14].

Urinalysis: Urinalysis is used to detect substances in the urine indicative of abnormalities in metabolic and kidney functions, which are often caused by lupus. It also aides doctors in monitoring an individual's response to treatment[14].

Blood complement test: Blood complement, a group of blood proteins, is responsible for immune responses that cause inflammation. Low levels of complement, especially the proteins C3 and C4, indicate the presence of disease and often the kidneys are involved as well. This test is also used to see if a patient is responding well to treatment[13].

Biopsies: A skin biopsy taken from a discoid rash may also be taken. Doctors perform a lupus band test on the skin sample to look for immunoglobulin G antibodies, which are likely to be present if the patient has lupus[12]. A biopsy may be taken from the kidneys as well as the skin.

X-rays: Doctors wanting to see the effects on certain organs can take an x-ray to determine if a patient is suffering from lupus. Lung and heart irregularities common to lupus can be detected with a chest x-ray that will show areas of inflammation due to fluid buildup or other causes[9].

Syphilis test: People who have lupus may also test positive for syphilis even though they do not have syphilis (called a false-positive result) due to the presence of anti-phospholipid antibodies in their blood[9].

Treatment

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus) by Aetna InteliHealth Inc.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Lupus-Handout on Health: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS)
  3. ↑ Part 1 of 4 - The Uniqueness Of Lupus Disease Poses Many Challenges By Carol & Richard Eustice, About.com, New York Times Company. 5/24/06.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Lupus Causes by William C. Shiel Jr., MD, FACP, FACR, emedicinehealth.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 What Causes Lupus by the Lupus Foundation of America, Inc.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Facts About Lupus by the Illinois Department of Public Health
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus - Symptoms by the University of Maryland Medical Center
  8. ↑ Mixed connective tissue disease: Definition by Mayo Clinic staff, 2/21/08
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Symptoms by Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research.
  10. ↑ Systemic lupus erythematosus - Complications by the University of Maryland Medical Center
  11. ↑ Diagnosing Lupus by Jeri Jewett-Tennant, MPH for About.com
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 Systemic lupus erythematosus - Diagnosis by the University of Maryland Medical Center
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Lupus Diagnosis by the S.L.E. Lupus Foundation
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Testing for Lupus by Jeri Jewett-Tennant, MPHfor About.com, New York Times Company. 10/27/08

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