Phaeophyceae

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Phaeophyceae

Scientific Classification
Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Heterokontophyta Class: Phaeophyceae
Orders
Ascoseirales Chordariales Cutleriales Desmarestiales Dictyosiphonales Dictyotales Ectocarpales Fucales Laminariales (kelps) Scytosiphonales Scytothamnales Sphacelariales Sporochnales Syringodermatales Tilopteridales

Phaeophyceae can be found in marine environment. It is usually called a brown algae that lives in certain condition of less than 72°F and less than 40m deep in the water. The size of phaeophyceae is gigantic which formed by 265 genera and about 2000 species of giant kelps. It can grow up to 200ft tall and expands 2ft/day. It is useful because they produce Algin (emulsifier) that are used in 30 different commercial products such as vitamins, acetone, iodine, paints, toothpaste, shampoo, and many processed foods. [1]

1 Cell Structure
2 Reproduction (Metabolism)
3 Genome Structure
4 Ecology
5 Gallery
6 Related References
7 See Also

Cell Structure

Phaeophyceae is usually photosynthetic, so it has to live in water shallow sufficient so that the under light force is 1% of what the surface force is. The thylakoids are in groups of three to five, with girdle lamellae. The chloroplasts are typically discoid. Phaeophyceae’s multicellular cells have cell walls composed of cellulose. The cellulose of the cell wall is usually stiffened by a mucilaginous material and calcium alginate forms the amorphous part of the wall. A representative heterokont eyespot is present in most, however small numbers of species lack this eyespot. [2]

Reproduction (Metabolism)

A kind of specie in Phaeophyceae, macrocystis pyrifera starts as single female or male gametophytes which produce eggs or sperm and fertilize each other. These generally fertilized sporophytes, and then release spores that will stick themselves to the ocean floor. A kelp plant release a trillion spores once a year, however small reach adulthood due to lack of sunlight, being eaten, being interred by sediment. Reproduction can happen in two various ways with Phaeophyceae, it is either isogamous, anisogamous depending on the species. Most common species are diplophaplontic, with an alternation of free-living generations. [3] [4]

Genome Structure

Phaeophyceae has two kinds of genomes, one is the mitochondria of L. digitata, which has 58000 base pairs and another genome is the mitochondria of P. littoralis, which has 38000 base pairs. The species Dictyota mentrualis have an affect on the HIV type 1. The antiretroviral activity was ascribed to 2 diterpenes, one is Da-1 and second is AcDa-1; these are usually from the algae. Two diterpenes usually taken together, and prove that both diterpenes inhibit HIV-1 RT and consequently virus replication. The species Myriotrichia clavaeformis have twelve chromosomes, however a few vary down to about four chromosomes by the species. [5]

Ecology

Mostly, all species of Phaeophyceae live in fresh water. There are a few that live in the tropics but most plentiful in temperate and polar waters. They bond themselves to hard surface such as rocks. A Kelps forest usually gives them a safe place for predators, and a place for small marines to grow. A kelps forest usually consists of thousand of species of animal and that forms miles and miles long surface on the ocean. Sometimes holdfast is detached and the kelp rises to the surface. This floating mat helps small fish in the middle of the ocean. This helpful fact can also be taken advantage by predators which they find small fish inside of the floating mat. [6] Phaeophyceae’s geometric distribution is bimodal. Rockweeds are plentiful on cold water shores, and upper intertidal zone is place of forming evident belts. Often, they form large stands in salt marshes in the Northern Hemisphere. Tropical waters usually support numbers of the family Sargassaceae and a various array of Dictyotales. Kelps form sub-tidal zone on most common cold water shores and they also form a significant vegetation belt in the lower intertidal zone. [7]

Gallery

Phaeophyceae (Laminariales - (Kelp)) Kelp's detail shape	Phaeophyceae (Laminariales - (Seaweed)) Seaweed is on the sand	Phaeophyceae (Fucales - (Sargassum weeds)) Sargassum weeds' closeup picture	Phaeophyceae (Fucales - (Rockweed)) Rockweed is on the sand, and it looks like fingers.
Giant Kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) Order: Laminariales