User talk:Anaccuratesource

Chronology:
The following chart is based by the reference material: Insight on the scriptures, volume 1 pages, 456-461.

- - - -
 * - Date - Event - Reference


 * -  4026 B.C.E. "Adam’s creation." - (Genesis 2:7).
 * - a. 4026 B.C.E. "Edenic covenant made, first prophecy." - (Genesis 3).

- -


 * - b. 3896 B.C.E. "Cain slays Abel." - (Genesis 4:8).
 * - 3896 B.C.E. "Birth of Seth." - (Genesis 5:3).
 * - 3404 B.C.E. "Birth of righteous Enoch." - (Genesis 5:18).
 * - 3339 B.C.E. "Birth of Methuselah." - (Genesis 5:21).
 * - 3152 B.C.E. "Birth of Lamech." - (Genesis 5:25).
 * - 3096 B.C.E. "Death of Adam." - (Genesis 5:5).
 * - 3039 B.C.E. "Transference of Enoch; ends his period of prophesying." - (Genesis 5:23, 24; Jude 14).

- -


 * - 2970 B.C.E. "Birth of Noah." - (Genesis 5:28, 29).
 * - 2490 B.C.E. "God’s pronouncement as to mankind." - (Genesis 6:3).
 * - 2470 B.C.E. "Birth of Japheth." - (Genesis 5:32; 9:24; 10:21).
 * - 2468 B.C.E. "Birth of Shem." - (Genesis 7:11; 11:10).
 * - 2370 B.C.E. "Death of Methuselah floodwaters fall (in autumn)." - (Genesis 5:27; Genesis 7:6, 11).
 * - 2369 B.C.E. "Making of the covenant after the Flood." - (Genesis 8:13; 9:16).

- - - -
 * - Post flood world:


 * - 2368 B.C.E. "Birth of Arpachshad." - (Genesis 11:10).
 * - a. 2269 B.C.E. "Building of the Tower of Babel." - (Genesis 11:4).
 * - a. 2269 B.C.E. Large scale migration out of Babel.
 * - 2020 B.C.E. "Death of Noah." - (Genesis 9:28, 29).
 * - 2018 B.C.E. "Birth of Abraham." - (Genesis 11:26, 32; 12:4).

- -


 * - 1943 B.C.E. "Abraham crosses the Euphrates river on his way to Canaan; Abrahamic covenant validated; beginning of the 430-year period to Law."
 * - 1900 B.C.E.
 * - 1800 B.C.E.
 * - 1737 B.C.E. Joseph is made the Vizier (appointed Prime minister) of Egypt.
 * - 1700 B.C.E.
 * - c. 1628 B.C.E. (Approximate: 1628 B.C.E. - 1600 B.C.E. Minoan eruption of Thera).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_eruption#Relative_chronology
 * - 1613 B.C.E. (before 1613 B.C.E) Job's trial.
 * - 1600 B.C.E. (after 1600 B.C.E.) "Egypt attains prominence as first world power" - Exodus 1:8.
 * - 1593 B.C.E. "Birth of Moses".
 * - 1513 B.C.E. "The Exodus".
 * - 1500 B.C.E.
 * - 1400 B.C.E.
 * - 1300 B.C.E.
 * - 1200 B.C.E.
 * - 1100 B.C.E.

- -


 * - 1000 B.C.E.
 * - 900 B.C.E.
 * - 800 B.C.E.
 * - 700 B.C.E.
 * - 607 B.C.E.
 * - 600 B.C.E.
 * - 582 B.C.E. King Nebuchadnezzar dies.
 * - 500 B.C.E.
 * - 400 B.C.E. After 443 B.C.E. the book of Malachi was written.
 * - 300 B.C.E.
 * - 200 B.C.E.
 * - 100 B.C.E.

- -


 * - circa 180 B.C.E. to 160 B.C.E the books of First and Second Maccabees are written.
 * - 175 B.C.E The beginning of Antiochus Epiphanes' reign.
 * - circa 134 B.C.E. death of Simon Maccabaeus
 * - circa early October, 2 B.C.E. Jesus was born.

- -


 * - 70 C.E.
 * - 100 C.E.
 * - c. 100 C.E. The Apostle John died.
 * - 200 C.E.
 * - 300 C.E.
 * - 400 C.E.
 * - 500 C.E.
 * - 600 C.E.
 * - 700 C.E.
 * - 800 C.E.
 * - 900 C.E.
 * - '999 C.E.
 * - 1000 C.E.

- -


 * - I like to group human (post-flood) history into the following phases:
 * - 1) - approx. 4500 years ago.
 * - 2) - 4000 years ago.
 * - 3) - 3000 years ago.
 * - 4) - 2000 - 1000 years ago.
 * - 5) - 1000-500 years ago.

- - - -
 * - Archaeology and Chronology:


 * - "For your servants find pleasure in her stones And have affection even for her dust." – Psalms 102:14 NWT Revised Edition 2013.


 * - Also Check-out:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/

- -


 * - Before 1932 B.C.E.
 * - Whale fossils.
 * - See:
 * - http://creation.com/dead-whales-telling-tales
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2063973/Whales-desert-Prehistoric-bones-unearthed-Chiles-Atacama-desert.html

-


 * - Before 1932 B.C.E.
 * - Ancient wine press in a cave in Armenia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areni-1_winery

-


 * - Before 1932 B.C.E.
 * - Leather shoe in Armenia.
 * - See:
 * - http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/06/09/armenia.old.shoe/?hpt=Mid

-


 * - After 1932 B.C.E.
 * - Ishmael is born, forefather of the Ishmaelites.
 * - Funfact: Ishmael's son Kedar (Qedar): is forefather to the Kedarites. - Genesis 25:13-15
 * - See:
 * - Silver bowl inscription from Tell el-Maskhutah, Egypt

-


 * - Circa 1919 B.C.E
 * - The patriarch Lot (Nephew of Abraham) flees Sodom.
 * - Compare:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Byzantine_mosaics_in_the_Middle_East
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoara
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaba_Map
 * - Disclaimer: ...

-


 * - 1881 B.C.E.
 * - Sarah, wife of Abraham dies and is buried at the Cave of Machpelah.
 * - See:
 * - 31°31'29.08"N 35° 6'38.61"E
 * - The Cave of Machpelah
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Machpelah
 * - http://www.machpela.com/english/content.asp?pageid=28

-


 * - 1711 B.C.E
 * - "The death of Jacob (Israel)"
 * - Fun fact:
 * - The name of Israel may appear as early 15th Century B.C.E (approximately 400 years after the death of Jacob) in an Egyptian inscription and in the ancient Egyptian Merneptah Stele dated to circa 1205 B.C.E.

-


 * - Circa 1600 B.C.E
 * - "The Shutu" - "An Egyptian execration text of the 17th century B.C.E"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutu

-


 * - 1513 B.C.E
 * - The Exodus out of Egypt.

-


 * - Circa 1500 B.C.E
 * - Mount Nebo.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nebo

-


 * - 1473 B.C.E.
 * - The Torah (Pentateuch) is completed - Deuteronomy 1:1, 3; 29:1
 * - Compare with the Ketef Hinnom silver scrolls disproving post-Babylonian exile authorship and or the Documentary hypothesis (multiple writers.

-


 * - Circa 1473 B.C.E
 * - King Og is killed and was buried in. - Deuteronomy 3:11
 * - Some connect his burial with the site at Rujm el-Hiri (dolmen).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og

-


 * - 1467 B.C.E.
 * - Hazor destroyed.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/scorched-wheat-may-provide-answers-on-the-destruction-of-canaanite-tel-hazor/

-


 * - Circa 1450 B.C.E'
 * - The Tabernacle in relocated to Shiloh.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.flickr.com/photos/salmeister/1902133698/

-


 * - Circa 1400 B.C.E
 * - The "Shasu of YHW"
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu

-


 * - Circa 1350–1330 B.C.E
 * - Armarna letters (e.g., complaining of the Habiru). (Egypt)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters

-


 * - Circa 1300-1200 B.C.E
 * - Midianite pottery ("generally dated to 13th-12th centuries B.C.E." - Wikipedia).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midianite_pottery

-


 * - Circa 13th-12th century B.C.E.
 * - Gilgal foot structure
 * - See:
 * - http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/130829#.UPPQN-Q72Ag

-


 * - Circa 1279–1213 B.C.E
 * - " a colossal statue erected at Luxor by Pharaoh Ramesses II, in the 13th century B.C.E., which lists Mu'ab among a series of nations conquered during a campaign." - Wikipedia, under Moab.

-


 * - Circa 1213-1203 B.C.E
 * - The Merneptah Stele
 * - See: 19th dynasty period, ancient Egyptian history
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele

-


 * - Circa 1200 B.C.E.
 * - The Mahram Bilqis temple. Circa 1200 B.C.E. - 550 C.E., the Mahram Bilqis Sabaen temple in Ma'rib, Yemen was in use. See dinds at Ma'rib. (Dr. Bill Glanzman).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marib
 * - http://www.ucalgary.ca/UofC/events/unicomm/NewsReleases/queen.htm

-


 * - Circa 1200 B.C.E. - 1000 B.C.E.
 * - Seal found at Beth Shemesh.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120813103403.htm

-


 * - Circa 1117 B.C.E.
 * - The palace at Jericho where Eglon, king of Moab, was assassinated by Ehud (Judges 3:15-30).
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/faq.aspx#Faq9

-


 * - After 1107 B.C.E. but before 1077 B.C.E.
 * - Achish.
 * - Ekron dedicatory inscription (dated to the 7th century, but shows the name was in usage).
 * - King David.
 * - See:
 * - The work and excavations of Eilat Mazar (Palace) and the Eli Shukron (Stronghold/citadel) in Ir David.
 * - Also See:
 * - The Mesha Stele ("House of David")
 * - The Tel Dan Stele ("House of David")

-


 * - Circa 1050 B.C.E.
 * - (Carbon 14, "1000-975 B.C.E.") Khirbet Qeiyafa site - "Absence of pig bones"
 * - See:
 * - (Levitcus 11:7; Deuteronomy 14:8)

-


 * - 1037 B.C.E.
 * - King (Jedidiah) Solomon begins to reign.
 * - (Site of the coronation)

-


 * - Circa 1027 B.C.E.
 * - "Solomon's temple"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/ancient-reservoir-provided-water-for-first-temple-period-jerusalem/

-


 * - Circa 1020 B.C.E
 * - Sabaen trade with Israel. Sabaen inscription mention trade with the "towns of Judah"
 * - See:
 * - http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RZkWJqBTND4/Tpg7N2eBuOI/AAAAAAAAAMc/2EjSH0uM_LU/s1600/3+-+Towns+of+Judah.jpg

-


 * - Circa 1000 B.C.E
 * - The Large Stone Structure discovered in 2005 (Eilat Mazar and Amihai Mazar). which Eilat Mazar believes to the palace of King David. - 2 Samuel 5:11.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure
 * - Stepped Stone Structure.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepped_Stone_Structure


 * - The Gezer calendar.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer_calendar

-


 * - Circa 1000 - 901 B.C.E.
 * - The Khirbet Summeily bulla.
 * - "the discovery this summer of six clay seal impressions—or bullae—from the 10th century BC indicate significant administrative activity at a remote outpost at Khirbet Summeily near Gaza, on the ancient border between Judah and Philistia. The bullae are the latest in a series of discoveries that support the existence of a major Jerusalem-based kingdom in the 10th century." – States an article entitled: Biblical Archaeology’s Top Ten Discoveries of 2014.
 * - A glimpse at the important work that goes on at excavations every year by Gordon Govier.

-


 * - Circa 993 B.C.E.
 * - Bubastis portal (Shishaq's Relief)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubastis_portal

-


 * - Circa 940 B.C.E.
 * - The Kurkh Monolith: (which wikipedia) names King Ahab of Israel. 


 * - "Jezebel" bulla.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/uncategorized/fit-for-a-queen-jezebels-royal-seal/
 * - https://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/09/seal-of-jezebel-identified.aspx
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/uncategorized/where-is-jezebel/


 * - "Remains of the royal palace built by Omri and Ahab."
 * - See:
 * - http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/expeditions/reisner.html

-


 * - Circa 917 B.C.E "Jehoram of Israel succeeds Ahaziah as sole king" - (2 Kings 3:1)
 * - The Mesha stele: also known as: "the Moabite stone". Verifies the existence of King Mesha and tribe of Gad. - (2 Kings 3)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesha_stele

-


 * - Circa 917-845 B.C.E
 * - The Tel Dan Stele ("left most probably by Hazael of Aram-Damascus" - Wikpedia). ("house of David" - 1 Samuel 20:16; 1 Chronicles 17:24; Nehemiah 12:37; Psalms 122:5; Isaiah 7:2, 13; 22:22; Zechariah 12:7,8, 10, 12; 13:1; Jeremiah 21:12; Luke 1:69)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele

-


 * - Circa 844 B.C.E
 * - "Jonah completes the book of Jonah."
 * - See:
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2097616/Fortress-hill-Israel-Bibles-Jonah-supposedly-buried-dates-800BC.html
 * - See: Adad-nirari III.

-


 * - Circa 840-760 B.C.E (according to Wikipedia)
 * - The Deir 'Alla Inscription: also known as the Balaam inscription
 * - This inscription mentions: "Balaam, the son of Beor" from the Middle Jordan Valley.
 * - Numbers 21-24; Deuteronomy 23:3-6; Joshua 24:9, 10; Micah 6:5; Nehemiah 13:2; 2 Peter 2:15, 16; Jude 11; Revelation 2:14' - (See: Biblical Archaeology Review (September/October 1985)
 * - The site has been identified as an Amorite Administration building.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deir_Alla_Inscription

-


 * - Circa 800 B.C.E
 * - The Amman Citadel Inscription documenting the existence of the Ammonites.
 * - See:
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSAO&Volume=5&Issue=2&ArticleID=19

-


 * - Circa 737 B.C.E, Wikipedia
 * - A stele of Tiglath-Pileser III which mentions Kedar (Qedar), "Idiba’ilu" Adbeel,

-


 * - Circa
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan

-


 * - Circa 761 B.C.E.
 * - King Ahaz seal
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Ahaz%27s_Seal

-


 * - The Isaiah bullae.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-5421983/Seal-impression-signature-Prophet-Isaiah.html
 * - https://www.livescience.com/61836-ancient-seal-prophet-isaiah.html

-


 * - 745 B.C.E.
 * - "Hezekiah becomes King of Judah"

-


 * - Circa 745 B.C.E.
 * - The Bulla/seal: of King Hezekiah himself (discovered in 2015).
 * - See:
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3344295/A-mark-power-Tiny-2-700-year-old-royal-seal-Judah-s-greatest-king-discovered-ancient-rubbish-dump-Jerusalem.html
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/king-hezekiah-in-the-bible-royal-seal-of-hezekiah-comes-to-light/

-


 * - Circa 745 B.C.E.
 * - The Bulla/seal: the servant of King Hezekiah.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah#Archaeological_Record
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_Tut

-


 * - 732 B.C.E. "Sennacherib (of Assyria) invades Judah"


 * - The Lachish relief
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_relief


 * - The Taylor/Sennacherib Prism.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib_prism


 * - The Siloam inscription. - (2 Kings 20:20; 2 Chronicles 32:30)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloam_inscription

-


 * - Circa 732 B.C.E.
 * - LMLK seals.

-


 * - Circa 732 B.C.E.
 * - The tomb of Shebna a contemporary of King Hezekiah. - (2 Kings 18:18–19:7; Isaiah 22:15-24; 36:3–37:7)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebna

-


 * - 716 B.C.E "King Manasseh succeeds Hezekiah as king of Judah" - (2 Kings 21:1)
 * - (Looking into: Manasseh's relationship with Assyrian kings Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal, and Egyptian pharaoh Psammetichus I.)

-


 * - Circa 711 B.C.E. (based on the article)
 * - A wall in Israel believed to support an Assyrian presence in the land of Israel. - Isaiah 20:1
 * - See:
 * - http://m.nbcnews.com/science/ancient-wall-israel-matches-bibles-tale-assyrian-attack-6C10953508
 * - http://news.msn.com/world/ancient-wall-supports-bible-tale-of-assyrian-attack

-


 * - Circa 700 B.C.E.
 * - The Etemenanki tower is restored and dedicated to Marduk.

-


 * - 647 B.C.E - "Jeremiah was commissioned as prophet"
 * - The Bulla discovered and document the names of people from books written by the prophet Jeremiah:

-


 * - Circa 647 B.C.E
 * - The Bulla: "Gedalyahu, the son of Immer the priest" (possibly a brother to Pashur, "son of Immer the priest," Jeremiah 20:1)

-


 * - Circa 647 B.C.E
 * - The bulla: Baruch, the "son of Neriah." - (Jeremiah’s secretary) - Jeremiah 32:12; 36:4, 10.

-


 * - Circa 647 B.C.E
 * - The bulla: discovered in Israel: Gemariah, the "son of Shaphan." - Jeremiah 36:10'''.

-


 * - Circa 647 B.C.E
 * - Bulla, discovered in Israel: Jerahmeel, the "son of the king." - Jeremiah 36:26.

-


 * - Circa 647 B.C.E
 * - Bulla, discovered in Israel: Jucal, the "son of Shelemiah." - Jeremiah 38:1.

-


 * - Circa 647 B.C.E
 * - The Nebo-Sarsekim Tablet (Nebo-Sarsechim). - Jeremiah 39:3
 * - See:
 * - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1557124/Tiny-tablet-provides-proof-for-Old-Testament.html

-


 * - Circa 647 B.C.E
 * - Bulla, discovered in Israel: Seraiah, the "the son of Neriah." (Baruch’s brother). - Jeremiah 51:59.

-


 * - 675 B.C.E.
 * - Barak'el the king of Ammon seal.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.archaeological-center.com/en/monographs/m8/

-


 * - Circa 650 B.C.E.
 * - Assyrian inscriptions mentioning the reign of Ammonite King Amminadab I.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amminadab_(Ammon)

-


 * - Circa 613 B.C.E.
 * - Babylonian haruspicy - Babylonian king uses practices divination by means of looking into a liver - (Ezekiel 21:21)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatoscopy#Babylonian_haruspicy
 * - http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/clay_model_of_a_sheeps_liver.aspx

-


 * - Circa before 607 B.C.E
 * - The Ketef Hinnom scrolls (circa before 607 B.C.E.). - (engraved with: Numbers 6:24-26)

-


 * - Circa 617 B.C.E
 * - "Jehoiachin Rations Tablets" - (2 Kings 24:14-16)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin%27s_Rations_Tablets

-


 * - Circa 610 B.C.E – 595 B.C.E, wikipedia
 * - Pharaoh Necho II
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necho_II

-


 * - Circa After 607 B.C.E
 * - The Babylonian Chronicles. - Tells of the capture of Jerusalem.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_Chronicles

-


 * - Circa 600 B.C.E
 * - Elephantine papyri Mentions: Sanballat believed by some to be the Sanballat mentioned in Nehemiah 2:10 and Johnan the high priest "Johanan the son of Eliashib." - Nehemiah 12:23
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine_papyri

-


 * - Circa 556-539 B.C.E., Wikipedia
 * - The Nabonidus Cylinder.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_of_Nabonidus

-


 * - Circa 537 B.C.E
 * - The Cyrus Cylinder discovered in 1879, which mentions Belshazzar. - (Daniel 5:1)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder

-


 * - 536 B.C.E.
 * - Second temple.
 * - See: Southern location - case presented by Tuvia Sagiv.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.templemount.org

-


 * - Circa 475 B.C.E.
 * - Susa remains.

-


 * - 455 B.C.E.
 * - Jerusalem’s walls rebuilt under governor Nehemiah. Compare with the finds of Eilat Mazar in Jerusalem which she identifies as the wall built under Nehemiah.
 * - See:
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?Volume=35&ArticleID=7&Issue=2

-


 * - Circa 455 B.C.E.
 * - The Silver bowl inscription from Tell el-Maskhutah, Egypt mentions: "Gesem, king of Qedar." Possibly "Geshem the arab" mentioned at Nehemiah 2:19; 6:1, 2, 6.

-


 * - Circa, 250 B.C.E. - 100 C.E.
 * - Dead sea scrolls of Qumran. - ( 31°44'29.35"N 35°27'34.57"E)

-


 * - Circa 332 – 31 B.C.E
 * - The Famine Stela
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_Stela

-


 * - 167 B.C.E - 233 C.E.
 * - Some of the Dead sea scrolls are written.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls

-


 * - 164 – 35 B.C.E
 * - The Hasmonean coinage.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasmonean_coinage

-


 * - Circa 100 B.C.E
 * - Seal from second temple.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/151057#.Tvk8gjBJok4

-


 * - Circa 40 B.C.E
 * - Herodium
 * - Sites:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodium#History
 * - http://ferrelljenkins.wordpress.com/2010/09/19/royal-theater-box-at-the-herodium/

-


 * - Circa 19 B.C.E
 * - The Western Wall

-


 * - Circa 19 B.C.E.
 * - King Herod's wine jug at Masada.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1996/Archaeologists-Unearth-Wine-Jug-Used-By-King-Herod/id-90395cb8b65d3a03f0f695d5b6ccb327

-


 * - Circa 30-70 C.E.
 * - Uzziah Tablet (wikipedia call a "controversial tablet")
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah#Uzziah_Tablet

-


 * - Circa 33 C.E.-100 C.E.
 * - Caiaphas (Qafa) family ossuaries.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas_ossuary

-


 * - Circa 50 C.E. - 100 C.E. Mount of Olive ossuaries (e.g., "Shimon bar Yonah")
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb#Possible_ossuary_of_Peter_in_Jerusalem

-


 * - Circa ... 
 * - Temple Warning Inscription

-


 * - Circa 52-56 C.E Erastus.
 * - The Erastus inscription (possibly the same Erastus)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth#The_Erastus_inscription

-


 * - 66 C.E. Christians flee outside Jerusalem to mountains.

-


 * - Circa 70-96 C.E
 * - Romans burn Jerusalem. Jerusalem is destroyed.
 * - The Judaea Capta coinage
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaea_Capta_coinage

-


 * - Circa 82 C.E
 * - The Arch of Titus.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arch_of_Titus

-


 * - Circa 52 C.E., Wikipedia
 * - Gallio Inscription at Delphi.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_Inscription

-


 * - Circa 55 C.E. (?)
 * - Ephesus theater.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephesus#Roman_period (Acts 19:23-41)

-


 * - Circa 325/326 C.E.
 * - "Church of the Holy Sepulchre" order to be constructed
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre

-


 * - Circa 330 C.E.
 * - Church built over "Jacob's Well." - (32°12′43″ N,35°16′40″ E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well

-


 * - 361 C.E
 * - Emperor Julian.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_the_Apostate

-


 * - I am interested in:
 * - A temple: "A temple at Amman (1400-1250 B.C.) excavated and reported upon by J.B. Hennessy, shows possibility of animal and human sacrifice by fire." - Wikipedia, under Molech (Moloch). - Location: Amman, Jordan.

-


 * - The Ebla tablets, Ebla, Syria.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla_tablets
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebla#Religion

-


 * - Shechem temple
 * - (32°12&#8242;11&#8243;N 35°18&#8242;40&#8243;E).

-


 * - "Goliath" Potsherd.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath#Goliath_and_the_Philistines

-


 * - Kuntillet Ajrad site.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuntillet_Ajrud

-


 * - Stele of Zakkur.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele_of_Zakkur

-


 * - Melqart Stele.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melqart

-


 * - Masada synagogue scrolls (some are Biblical scrolls).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada#Masada_today

-


 * - Sites
 * - Discoveries associated with Google earth:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/09/15/scitech/main20106680.shtml

-


 * - Uruk, Iraq:
 * - See:
 * - http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/2982891.stm

-


 * - Infrared Technology:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1390667/Seventeen-lost-pyramids-thousands-buried-Egyptian-settlements-pinpointed-infrared-satellite-images.html
 * - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-13522957

-


 * - Notes:
 * - Kathleen Kenyon was not a Bible believer!
 * - Israel Finkelstein is not a Bible believer!

"Points to note:"

 * - Arrival of humans:
 * - The Bible teaches the arrival of humans occurred at 4026 B.C.E (thus approximately 6,038 years ago) whereas information from Wikipedia, reflecting mainstream secular opinions, favors a range of "2.3 million - 200,000 years ago" model.
 * - Ice age:
 * - The Bible shows the flood, a possible cause of the so-called "ice-age" in 2370 B.C.E. (thus approximately 4,382 years ago) whereas information on Wikipedia reflecting certain secular opinions favor a date closer to 10,000 years for the ice age.
 * - Massive human migration
 * - The Bible teaches that a massive human migration occurred rapidly after flood at Babel sometime after 2269 B.C.E. (thus approximately 4,281 years ago). Whereas mainstream secular opinions are humans gradually migrated during and after the ice age.
 * - The dispersal of peoples occurs at Babel (near what modern-day Hillah, Babil, Iraq) approximately 1,550 miles north of Lake Yardi, Ethiopia.
 * - Armenia oldest shoe, wine... Turkey believed cradle of the Indo-European languages and earliest known sites where wheat was grown.
 * - "Cradle of civilization" in Mesopotamia.
 * - So-called "Oldest temple" in Turkey.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Göbekli_Tepe
 * - Biblical cave dwellers:
 * - Genesis 19:30; Job 30:5,6; Judges 6:2; 1 Samuel 13:6
 * - We should remember where these estimates (guesses) originate in just that conjectural interpretations. The people behind such dates are basing information from a perceived model linked a belief in humans evolution.

-


 * - Would be logical to believe that a computer was a product of chance and not design? Now would a logical person now also believe the more complex human mind and the human body as a whole are also products of chance (derived from the advance development of (magic) mold growing out of the ocean or something, which surprise-surprise is another a product of "chance")? Hmmmmm.
 * - Evolution teaches:
 * - Non-living matter transformed into a cell (living matter), which reproduced (according to information from an advanced code known as DNA derived by chance), and harmoniously developed an advanced set of organs, which work together with each other; usually to a corresponding gender co-relation (males and females); all by itself. Now does this sound logical?
 * - The Bible gets the titles, names and people right. For example, the 2004 movie called: "The Prince and me" follows a fictional story which takes place in Modern Denmark. The movie puts a king named Haraald on the throne instead of a queen named Margrethe II. The Bible however always used the correct names and terms.

-


 * - Genealogy was a big deal to ancient Israelites:
 * - Much of the information is taken from the Watchtower, July 1, 2012 page 26 and the Insight on the scriptures, Bible encyclopedia, under genealogy.


 * - 1.) To establish tribal relationships.
 * - See:
 * - Numbers 36:7-9; Joshua 19:51.

-


 * - 2.) To establish family relationships. "The Law covenant prohibited marriage within certain degrees of consanguinity or affinity, which necessitated a knowledge of genealogical relationships."
 * - See:
 * - Leviticus 18:6-18

-


 * - "Repurchasing a relative."
 * - See:
 * - Leviticus 25:47-49

-


 * - Avenger of blood upon a (hu)manslayer.
 * - See:
 * - Numbers 35:19.

-


 * - "The one qualified to act in brother-in-law marriage."
 * - See:
 * - Deuteronomy 25:5, 6.

-


 * - Legal benefits and requirements of being the firstborn
 * - See:
 * - Numbers 3:40-48.

-


 * - Kingship. - (clan chief, lords and princes)
 * - See:
 * - Male descent of King David.
 * - 2 Samuel 7:11-16; Isaiah 11:1; Jeremiah 23:5–6

-


 * - 3.) To trace the lineage of the promised Messiah.
 * - See:
 * - (Noah, Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Israel (Jacob), Judah, David)
 * - King David
 * - 2 Samuel 7:11-16; Isaiah 11:1; Jeremiah 23:5–6

-


 * - 4.) The religious offices of Aaronic priests and those held by Levites were hereditary.
 * - See:
 * - Nehemiah 7:61-65.

-


 * - 5.) the Mosaic Law stipulated that "no illegitimate son" nor any "Ammonite" or "Moabite" may come into the congregation of Jehovah."
 * - See:
 * - Deuteronomy 23:3-6

-


 * - 6.) Emphasis placed on passing history
 * - See:

-


 * - Jeremias, "pure ancestry had to be proved for a man to exercise any civic rights, and this fact confirms our conclusion that . . . even the simple Israelite knew his immediate ancestors and could point to which of the twelve tribes he belonged."

-


 * - Why does the Bible give paternal ages in Genesis 5, but not other accounts? (See: The Watchtower, October 1, 1980 page 31)
 * - Are there gaps in genealogy at Genesis 5?
 * - See:
 * - http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/nab2/gaps-in-genesis-genealogies) (Under the subheading, Missing Generations


 * - 1. - Genesis 4:25
 * - Seth is replacement for Abel. - (Adam-Seth)

-


 * - 2. - Genesis 4:25
 * - Seth and Enosh, since Seth named him. - (Seth-Enosh)

-


 * - 3. - Jude 14
 * - Jude says Enoch was the seventh from Adam (Jude 14), so there are no missing generations between Adam and Enoch. - (Adam-Enoch)

-


 * - 4. - Genesis 5:29
 * - Lamech named Noah. - (Lamech to Noah)

-


 * - 5. - Genesis 7:4
 * - Methuselah died the same year the Flood began.

-


 * - Furthermore, 1 Chronicles 1:1-4 and Luke 3:37, 38 repeats the very same sequence in the genealogical record. Genealogy was very important to the Israelites! (see above)

- - - -
 * - Pivotal dates:


 * - 539 B.C.E. - <...> - (Basis)
 * - 607 B.C.E. - 997 B.C.E. - (Rule of Judean kings) - (Basis)
 * - The end of Solomon's reign to "The exodus" - 997 B.C.E. - 1513 B.C.E. - (Basis)
 * - "The exodus" to the start of the covenant with Abraham - 1513 B.C.E. - 1943 B.C.E. (Basis: Exodus 12:40; Galatians 3:17)
 * - The start of the covenant with Abraham to the flood. - 1943 B.C.E. - 2370 B.C.E. (Basis: Genealogical records)
 * - (Jude 14)
 * - Judges 11:26 (300 years)

-


 * - The Bible does not internally view the books Genesis and Exodus as myths (or "allegory").
 * - See:
 * - John 17:17; 1 Timothy 4:7; 6:20; 2 Timothy 4:4; Titus 1:14; 2 Peter 1:16

Adam & Eve

 * - "Adam and Eve"

- - - -
 * - Adam (אדם) (earthing man)
 * - Eve/Chawwah (חַוָּה‎) (feminine: living one)


 * - Possible parallels?
 * - Euhemerism:
 * - An Euhemerism is an approach to the interpretation of mythology in which mythological accounts are presumed to have originated from real historical events or personages. – Wikipedia (Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinch's Mythology. Whitefish: Kessinger, 2004, p. 194.).
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhemerism
 * - Meme:
 * - A meme is: "an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture". – Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme

- - - -
 * - Asia, East:


 * - Iran: Yima and Yama. - (Persian literature). - (Adam & Eve?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshid

-


 * - Iran: Mashye and Mashyane. - (Persian literature).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashye - (Adam & Eve?)

-


 * - Iran: Gayō Marətan. - (Persian literature). - (Adam?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyumars

-


 * - India: Manu and Satarupa. - (Hindu literature). - (Adam & Eve?)

-


 * - India: Manu and Parsu (personified rib). - (Adam & Eve?) - (Rig-veda, Hindu literature).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda

-


 * - India: Yama (यम) and Yamī. - (Rig-veda, Hindu literature). - (Adam & Eve?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda

- - - -
 * - Asia, Middle East:


 * - Mesopatmia (Enkidu and Shamhat) in "the Epic of Gilgamesh"
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamhat
 * - Enkidu was a wild man was not aware he is naked, Shamhat dresses him.
 * - A snake takes a plant of immortality from Gilgamesh.
 * - Associated with a flood legend.

-


 * - Akkadian (Modern day: Southern Iraq) Lahmu (male) and Lahamu (female),  of Mesopotamian mythology. "In Sumerian times Laḫmu may have meant "the muddy one" and Lahamu "is sometimes seen as a serpent" - Wikipedia. - (Adam & Eve?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahmu
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahamu

-


 * - Assyrian (Modern day: Northern Iraq): Adamu (Assyrian literature) - (Adam?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_king

-


 * - Babylonian (Modern day: Southern Iraq) Amuta - (Babylonian literature). - (Adam?)

-


 * - Babylonian: Tiamat (Mesopotamian mythology). She borne the title: "Mother to all those living" - (Eve?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiamat#Mythology

-


 * - Canaanite: "Another name of Asherah (Ashtoreth) in the first millennium B.C.E. was Chawat or Hawwah in Aramaic, (Eve in English)." – Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve#Name_and_origin
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah

-


 * - Hurrian (Anatolia and Northern Mesopotamia): Teshub and Khebat - (Hurrian mythology). - (Adam & Eve?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teshub
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebat

-


 * - Sumerian: (Modern day: Southern Iraq) Adapa and Ninti (life) - (Sumerian literature). - (Adam?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapa

-


 * - Sumerian: (Modern day: Southern Iraq) Enki and Ninti - (Sumerian literature). - (Adam & Eve?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninti

-


 * - Sumerian: (Modern day: Southern Iraq) Alulim - (Adam?
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alulim#Alulim_as_biblical_Adam

-

- - - -
 * - Sumerian origin to the account of the garden of Eden? or a Hebraic origin to the Sumerian story:


 * - Wikipedia states, under Eve (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eve): "Some, for instance Samuel Noah Kramer, hold that the origin of this motif is the Sumerian myth in which the goddess Ninhursag created a beautiful garden full of lush vegetation and fruit trees, called Edinu, in Dilmun, the Sumerian earthly Paradise, a place which the Sumerians believed to exist to the east of their own land, beyond the sea.
 * - Ninhursag charged Enki, her lover, and husband, with controlling the wild animals and tending the garden, but Enki became curious about the garden and his assistant, Adapa, selected seven plants (8 in some version) and offered them to Enki, who ate them. (In other versions of the story [citation needed] he seduced, in turn, seven generations of the offspring of his divine marriage with Ninhursag). This enraged Ninhursag, and she caused Enki to fall ill. Enki felt pain in his rib, which is a pun in Sumerian, as the word "ti" means both "rib" and "life".
 * - The other gods persuaded Ninhursag to relent. Ninhursag then created a new goddess (7 or 8 to heal his 7 or 8 ailing organs including his rib) named Ninti, (a name made up of "Nin", or "lady", plus "ti", and which can be translated as both Lady of Living and Lady of the Rib), to cure Enki. Neither Ninhursag nor Ninti are actually exact parallels of Eve since both differ from the character. However, given that the pun with rib is present only in Sumerian, linguistic criticism places the Sumerian account as the more ancient and therefore, a possible narrative influence on the Judeo-Christian story of creation"


 * - However in contrast: one can take the Sumerian myth of "Adapa" in "the Garden of Edinu" and see a Hebraic origin.
 * - As the phrases Adam and Eden are Hebrew. They are Semitic not Sumerian in origin
 * - "Adhama:" Earthling man (אדם); ground (אדםה), root meaning "red." - (Genesis 1:26; 2:7) (See: "mother earth," Gaia, Prithvi Mata, etc below).
 * - Eden (עֵדֶן) ('Eden: Pleasure/delight, lush. See Hebrew root 'dn) - (Genesis 2:8, 9, 16; 1:27-31) - See (the subheading here: "Antediluvian places," under "Eden")
 * - Now Given that these specific puns with "Adam" and "Eden" are present only in Hebrew, arguably could not the linguistic criticism place the Hebraic account as the older origin/influence on the Sumerian story of creation?

- - - -
 * - Europe:


 * - Greece: Epimetheus and Pandora. (Greek literature). "Ancient Greek mythology held that humanity was immortal during the Golden Age, until Prometheus brought them fire to help them live through the cold. The gods punished humans allowing Pandora to release the evil (death, sorrow, plague) into the world due to her curiosity." - Wikipedia
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epimetheus_(mythology)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandora - (Adam & Eve?)

-


 * - Norway/Scandinavia: Ymir. - (Norse literature).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir - (Adam?)

- - - -
 * - Polynesia:


 * - Cook Islands: Vatea & Varima-te-takere. - In the mythology of Mangaia, Cook Islands. - (Adam & Eve?)
 * - First man or woman in Kikuyu mythology.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_man_or_woman#Kikuyu_mythology

- - - - - -
 * - Interesting Occurrences:
 * - The Garden and garden places


 * - Aratta, on the plain of Edin.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratta
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edin_(Sumerian_term)

-


 * - The Garden near Eridu, Sumerian.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu#Prominence

-


 * - The Garden of Dilmun, Sumerian.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun

-


 * - The Garden of Hesperides, Greican: (See the chorus: "where immortal fountains flow "by the place where Zeus lay, and holy Earth with her gifts of blessedness")
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_Trabajos_Hércules_(M.A.N._Madrid)_11.jpg
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Mountain_(mythology)

From The Dust

 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prometheus#The_creation_of_man_from_clay

-


 * - Funfact: "The book Nanomedicine states that the human body is made up of 41 chemical elements. These basic elements—carbon, iron, oxygen, and others—are all present in the “dust” of the earth."
 * - Source taken from:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2009645

- - - -
 * - Africa:


 * - "In Yoruba African mythology, the god Obatala created the human race from clay" "which were supposedly brought to life by Olorun's breath." - Wikipedia.
 * - "In Egyptian mythology, the ram-headed god Khnum made people from clay in the waters of the Nile." - Wikipedia.

- - - -
 * - Americas:


 * - "Mayan mythology, Tepeu and Kukulkán (Quetzalcoatl) made the first humans from clay, but they were unsatisfactory." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeu
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukulk%C3%A1n

-


 * - "The Abenaki people believe that after Tabaldak created humans, the dust from his body created Glooscap and his twin brother, Malsumis." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluskabe

- - - -
 * - Asia:


 * - Chinese mythology, the goddess Nuwa created the first humans from mud and clay. - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCwa#Description

-


 * - Prithvi: (Earth goddess)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi

- - - -
 * - Europe:


 * - Greek mythology: Prometheus created humans from clay. - Wikipedia.

-


 * - Greek mythology: Gaia (earth personified) was the great mother of the Greek 'gods.' (See: Porto-Indo mythology)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)

- - - -
 * - Middle-East:


 * - "Babylonian Mythology creation epic Enuma Elish, (the god Enki and his) the goddess Ninhursag created humans from clay." - Wikipedia.

- - - -
 * - Austro-Polynesia:


 * - "The Māori people believe that Tāne Mahuta, god of the forest, created the first woman out of clay and breathed life into her." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81ne_Mahuta

- - - -
 * - The "divine" Mother Goddess


 * - Some of Athena's similarities with Eve:
 * - Athena: is born full grown out of Zeus' body.
 * - Eve: is born full grown out of Adam's body. - Genesis 2:22, 23
 * - Athena: associated with Hera, Born in the presence of Hera; Alcaeus, refers to Hera as panton genethla, or "mother of all."
 * - Eve: is called by Adam is "Chawwah" in Hebrew because she is the "the mother of all living" - Genesis 3:20 (Hera's "gift" of curiosity.)
 * - Athena: Sanchuniathon's account would make Athena the sister of Zeus and Hera, not Zeus' daughter.
 * - Eve: is wife and similar to a twin sister to Adam. - Genesis 2:23, 24
 * - Athena is closely associated with the serpent (Erichthonius and the head of gorgon).
 * - Eve has noteworthy encounter with a serpent. - Genesis 3:1-17.
 * - Athena is associated with Pandora. Pandora's birth was of a 'divine' origin, she opened a forbidden box which unleashed misery to the world.
 * - Eve: ate the forbidden fruit and offered it to Adam who willy accepted it. (Sin entered the world through Adam because of this) - Genesis 2:9; 3:1-19
 * - Athens: covered in an animal skin.
 * - Eve: after banished from the garden wore garments of skin. - Genesis 3:21
 * - Athena holds Nike (victory) in her right hand.
 * - Eve achieved a Satanic victory; independence from God.
 * - Wiininwaa - A woman entitled as "Norishment" who became immortal through manidoowiziwin (the process of taking on qualities of a Manitou); daughter of Nookomis and mother of Nanabozho. - Wikipedia.

The Tree of Life:

 * - Disclaimer: There is not a necessary connection with and between all of them and the Biblical Tree of life. I have observed this interesting expression “tree of life”, an ancient motif among many ancient peoples.

-


 * - Aboriginal American:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life#North_America

-


 * - Assyrians:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life#Assyria

-


 * - Babylonians:
 * - The Epic of Gilgamesh
 * - See:

-


 * - Egyptian:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life#Ancient_Egypt
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia#Symbolism_and_ritual

-


 * - Chinese: - Tree of life (the peach tree)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life#China
 * - http://www.360cities.net/image/sichuan-sanxingdui-museum-395-meter-high-bronze-tree-sichuan#127.44,-14.95,48.9
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches_of_Immortality
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elixir_of_life
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusang
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xu_Fu

-


 * - Ancient Germanic:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life#Germanic_paganism_and_Norse_mythology'

-


 * - Ancient Greek - Tree of life. (apple, (Hesperides) - It could possibly refer to either the Satanic lie about ability of "the tree of knowledge of good and bad" or "the tree of life" or possibly even a combination of both memories.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_Trabajos_Hércules_(M.A.N._Madrid)_11.jpg
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_of_Discord
 * - Ambrosia (food which gave immortality)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia

-


 * - India
 * - Amrita (cognate to Ambrosia)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma
 * - Kalpavriksha.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalpavriksha
 * - Soma
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soma_(drink)

-


 * - Iroquois, (Haudenosaunee) First Nation peoples
 * - "In a myth passed down among the Iroquois, The World on the Turtle's Back, explains the origin of the land in which a tree of life is described. According to the myth, it is found in the heavens, where the first humans lived, until a pregnant woman fell and landed in an endless sea. Saved by a giant turtle from drowning, she formed the world on its back by planting bark taken from the tree." - Wikipedia (source not cited)

-


 * - Ojibwa, Anishinaabe First Nation people
 * - "Grandmother Cedar." - Wikipedia (source not cited)

-


 * - Persian: Zoroastrianism, Legend of the Gaokerena Tree.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaokerena
 * - Drink.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cup_of_Jamshid

-


 * - Japanese: (Shinto)

-


 * - Israelite: – "Tree of life." (tree of life) - (Judaism)
 * - Etz Chaim
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etz_Chaim
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)

-


 * - Scandinavian:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life#Germanic_paganism_and_Norse_mythology'
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iðunn

-


 * - Urartu – "Tree of life"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life#Armenia

- -


 * - See:
 * - Germanic: Ash tree.
 * - Hinduism: Bayan tree.
 * - Slavic: Oak tree.
 * - Celtic: Hazel tree.
 * - Grecian: Concept of Mt. Olympus? Tree sawed by the Kallikantzaroi.

- -
 * - See also:


 * - "World tree:"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_tree


 * - e.g., Yggdrasil as mentioned in Prose Edda (c. 1220) of Norse mythology.
 * - Mesoamerican world tree
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_world_tree


 * - Izapa Stela 5:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izapa_Stela_5#Theories_and_speculations


 * - The Crown of Silla:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crown_of_Silla#Symbolism_of_the_crown
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosia
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amrita

The Serpent

 * - See: Genesis 2:15-17; 3:1-5.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaoskampf#Chaoskampf
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_worship


 * - Satan used ventriloquism with serpent.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventriloquism


 * - Also compare: Hindu demon Kroni
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroni

- - - -
 * - Africa:


 * - Egyptian: Nehebkau
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nehebkau

-


 * - Egyptian: Apep
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apep

-


 * - West Africa: Oshunmare (Yoruba mythology)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshunmare

-


 * - West Africa: Ayida-Weddo
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayida-Weddo

-


 * - Zulu: (An interesting) story about the chameleon and a lizard.

- - - -
 * - Americas:


 * - First Nation: Mishi-ginebig - Serpent. "is a great horned snake, a powerful underground manidoo that was the guardian spirit brings that brings wisdom and healing." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishi-ginebig

-


 * - First Nation: Serpent mound
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_Mound#Recent_history

-


 * - First Nation (Ojibwe): the serpent people in the legend of the Great Flood and Nanabozho.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanabozho

-


 * - Mexican: (Aztec) Cipactli
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipactli

-


 * - Mexican: (Aztec) Coatlicue "snake woman"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coatlicue

-


 * - Mexican: Kukulkan
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukulk%C3%A1n

-


 * - Mexican: Tepeu
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tepeu

-


 * - Mexican: Quetzalcoatl
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feathered_Serpent_(deity)

-


 * - Chile
 * - Legend of Trentren Vilu and Caicai Vilu
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Trentren_Vilu_and_Caicai_Vilu

-


 * - Also see:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serpent_(symbolism)#Native_American_mythology

- - - -
 * - Asia:


 * - Chinese:
 * - Snake.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_(zodiac)

-


 * - Chinese:
 * - Gong Gong
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gong_Gong

-


 * - Chinese:
 * - Nüwa (snake goddess).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCwa#Description

-


 * - India/Hinduism:
 * - Kaliya
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliya

-


 * - India/Hinduism:
 * - Nāgav
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nāgav

-


 * - India/Hinduism:
 * - Shesha
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shesha

-


 * - India/Hinduism:
 * - Vasuki
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasuki

-


 * - India/Hinduism:
 * - Vritra
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vritra

-


 * - Indonesia:
 * - Batak peoples:
 * - Naga Padoha
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batak_(Indonesia)
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology_of_Indonesia

- - - -
 * - Europe:


 * - Grecian:
 * - Typhon, Ophion, Python
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhon
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophion
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(mythology)

-


 * - Grecian: Ladon
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladon_(mythology

-


 * - Grecian: "The head of the Gorgon Medusa"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Goddess

-


 * - Greco-Roman:
 * - Draco
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draco_(constellation)

-


 * - Norse Jörmungandr
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jörmungandr

-


 * - Norse Nidhogg
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nidhogg

- - - -
 * - Near/Middle East:


 * - Arabian: Falak
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamut

-


 * - Hittite: Illuyanka
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuyanka

-


 * - Canaanite: Yam
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yam_(god)

-


 * - Iranian: Aži Dahāka.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahhak

-


 * - Mesopotamian:Bašmu
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu

-


 * - Mesopotamian: Ningizzida
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningizzida

-


 * - Mesopotamian: Mušḫuššu
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mušḫuššu

-


 * - Mesopotamian:Ušumgallu
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C5%A1umgallu

- -


 * - Serpent on the "Temptation seal":
 * - See:
 * - http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/a/adam_and_eve_cylinder_seal.aspx
 * - funfact: “The name Eve (חַוָּה) bears resemblance to an Aramaic word for "snake" (O.Arb. חוה; J.Arm. חִוְיָא).” – Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/

-


 * - Bone graphing:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)#Ribs
 * - Stem cells:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell
 * - Genetic engineering:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering

-


 * - Julian "the Apostate", wrote: "when Zeus was setting all things in order there fell from him drops of sacred blood, and from them, as they say, arose the race of men." - Wikipedia.
 * - In a certain Egyptian myth, Atum's "tears hit the ground is where men formed. Out of the two elements water and air, the other gods and goddesses were born."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum#Relationship_to_other_gods
 * - Unlike these versions of human origins science confirms all humans share a common ancestry.

-


 * - Adam and Eve were accepted as real historical figures by the early Bible believing Christians (2 Timothy 3:16, 17): Genesis 1-5; 1 Chronicles 1:1. Scriptures dating from the Christian era: Matthew 19:5; Luke 3:38; Mark 10:6; Acts 17:26, Romans 5:14; 1 Corinthians 15:22, 45; 2 Corinthians 11:2; 1 Timothy 2:14; 17 Jude 14.

Antediluvian Society, Places:

 * - Although some critics view the Garden of Eden as a mythological place this is not what the Bible teaches.


 * - The Garden of Eden has ten descriptive details about its location:

- - 10 descriptive details to Garden of Eden's Location (See below) - -


 * - 1. A) The garden was within the larger region known as Eden. B) It had an entrance on its east side.
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 2:8; 3:24

-


 * - 2. One river which issued into four rivers.
 * - See:
 * - (Genesis 2:10a)

-


 * - 3. Located at the heads of the four rivers (indicating a northern location)
 * - See:
 * - (Genesis 2:10b)

-


 * - 4. The Pishon river.
 * - See:
 * - (Genesis 2:11)
 * - Pishon river discussion.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishon
 * - Amu Darya.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxus – Canditate.
 * - Qezel Uzun river (Old Persian: Uizhun; Modern Persian: Qezel Uzun); David Rohl's identified the river (Uizhun). Hypothetical phonetic shift: Persian Uizhon, Hebrew: UYSHWN or PYSHWN. - (37°538.54"N  47°4614.26"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefīd-Rūd – Canditate.
 * - Karun river. - Canditate.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karun – Canditate.

-


 * - 5. The Land of Havilah. - ('where there is gold, the bdellium gum and the onyx stone.')
 * - See:
 * - (Genesis 2:11, 12)

-


 * - Two people named Havilah are mentioned in the Bible. The name seems to mean "sand."
 * - See:
 * - (Genesis 10:7, 29)

-


 * - 6. The Gihon river.
 * - See:
 * - (Genesis 2:13a)

-


 * - 7. The Land of Cush.
 * - See:
 * - (Genesis 2:13b)

-


 * - 8. The Hiddekel (Tigris) river, goes east to Assyria. - IDENTIFIED.
 * - See: (Genesis 2:14)

-


 * - 9. The land of Ashshur (Assyria). -IDENTIFIED.
 * - (Genesis 2:14)

-


 * - 10. The Euphrates river. - IDENTIFIED.
 * - (Genesis 2:14)

- - - -
 * - Eden


 * - About Eden: "In the past, the favored derivation of the name "Eden" was from the Akkadian edinnu, itself derived from a Sumerian (a non-Semitic language) word meaning "plain" or "steppe", but it is now believed to be more closely related to an Aramaic (a Semitic) root meaning "fruitful, well-watered." - Wikipedia (content in brackets is mine).


 * - Rupert L. Chapman III, Middle East Department, The British Museum commented: "The derivation from Sumerian via Akkadian appears to be unlikely, while cognate terms occur in both Aramaic and Arabic," Aramaic and Arabic are Semitic languages.


 * - Based on 9th-century B.C.E. Akkadian-Aramaic bilingual inscription discovered in 1979 at Tel Fekheriyeh (near the Syrian-Turkish border). In the source, the root appears in the Aramaic version meaning "to be fruit(ful), plentiful" or well watered.' An also a cognate word is said to have found in Ugaritic tablets in the Louvre. The Ugaritic texts are date to older than 13th and 12th century B.C.E.  - (See: Genesis 2:9-10; 13:10; 18:2; Psalms 36:9). These cognates convey the thoughts of "luxury, delight, bliss." It's interesting since the book of Genesis was actually originally written in the 16th-century B.C.E. This means the usage of the word Eden predates the Aramaic and Ugaritic inscriptions by centuries. The Anchor Bible dictionary's comment on word history of Eden.


 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001256?q=eden&p=par
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2011003?q=eden&p=par

- - - -
 * - Examples of root 'dn in the Tanakh:


 * - "Pleasure" - (New World Translation) - ('dn-h).
 * - Genesis 18:12

-


 * - "Dainties" (1984 edition) "food fit" (2013 edition) - (New World Translation) - (or delicacies) - (m-'dny).
 * - Genesis 49:20

-


 * - "Ornaments" - (New World Translation) - ('dn-ym).
 * - 2 Samuel 1:24

-


 * - "And to luxuriate" (1984 edition) "basked" (2013 edition) - (New World Translation) - (w-yth-'dn-nu).
 * - Nehemiah 9:25

-


 * - "Pleasures" (1984 edition) "delights" (2013 edition) - (New World Translation) - ('dnyk).
 * - Psalms 36:8

-


 * - "Pleasure" - (New World Translation) - (m-'dn-ym).
 * - Proverbs 29:17

-


 * - "Pleasure-given" - (New World Translation) - ('dn-h).
 * - Isaiah 47:8

-


 * - "Pleasant" (1984 edition) "delicacies" (2013 edition). - (New World Translation) - (l-m-'dn-ym).
 * - Lamentations 4:5

- - The Garden of Eden - -


 * - Garden of E'den:
 * - (According David Rohl's theory: 38°048242"N, 46°188242"E) linked the with location Tabriz, iran. (This is according to David Rohl's theory).
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_Eden#Iran.27s_Azarbaijan_province
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabriz
 * - The Bible contains a series of detailed descriptions on its location consider the following descripions the bible offers.
 * - A traditional site a few kilometers South of Lake Van?
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A2z%C4%B1%C4%9F


 * - The Garden of Eden was located in Northern Mesopotamia: "Now there was a river issuing out of Eden to water the garden, and from there it began to be parted and it became, as it were four heads. ((Therefore: located near at the source of the rivers in northern Mesopotamia)) The Hebrew term: "Rosh" or "Roshim" (Literally translates as head) indicates a northern Mesopotamia location. - Genesis 2:10. (See: The Anchor Bible (1964), which compares this scripture with Joshua 15:5 and the Semitic Akkadian language cognate: Resu)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdistan


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Highlands#cite_note-16

- - Edenic rivers: - -

- - - -
 * - Pishon:
 * - Pishon river discussion.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pishon
 * - Amu Darya.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxus – Canditate.
 * - Qezel Uzun river (Old Persian: Uizhun; Modern Persian: Qezel Uzun); David Rohl's identified the river (Uizhun). Hypothetical phonetic shift: Persian Uizhon, Hebrew: UYSHWN or PYSHWN. - (37°538.54"N  47°4614.26"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefīd-Rūd – Canditate.
 * - Karun river. - Canditate.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karun – Canditate.

- - - -
 * - Gihon:


 * - Gihon river discussion. - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihon)
 * - David Rohl's identifies as Gaihun-Aras, based on Reginald Arthur Walker prior identified. - (40° 1'6.24"N 48°27'12.60" E) and the Land of Cush: The Kassites and Mount Kusheh Dagh? Cossaea, was a Greek name for Elam. Herodotus and other ancient Greek writers sometimes referred to the region around Susa as "Cissia", a variant of the Kassite name. However, it is not clear if Kassites were actually living in that region so late. "Amu Darya was known in the medieval Islamic writers as Jayhun or Ceyhun in Turkish. This was a derivative of Jihon, or Zhihon as it is still known by the Persians." - Wikipedia, Gihon.

-


 * - Amu Darya. Candidate.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxus – Candidate.

-


 * - Aras River. Candidate.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aras_River – Candidate.

-


 * - Ceyhan River. Candidate.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyhan_River – Candidate.

-


 * - Karkeh River. Candidate.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkheh – Candidate.

-


 * - Elam map.
 * - See:
 * - http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Elam_Map.jpg

-


 * - Kassite people
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites#History

-


 * - Khuzestan (Land of Khuz)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khuzestan
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_of_the_name_Khuzestan

-


 * - African Kush
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush

-


 * - Indian Kush (possibly derived from Kūh)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Kush

-


 * - Indian Kushwaha people
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushwaha

-


 * - Southern Mesopotamia city of Kish
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)

-


 * - Caucasus
 * - "Pliny the Elder's Natural History (AD 77-79) derives the name of the Caucasus from the Scythian kroy-khasis (“ice-shining, white with snow”). From this Greeks called it Καύκασος (Kaukasos)"m
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caucasus

- -


 * - Hiddekel:
 * - Hebrew: (Hiddeqel) (חידקל). Akkadian: (Idiqlat) (ידקלת) Arabic: (Dijla) (דקל) and (Hudaqil) (חידקל).
 * - The Tigris river. - (38°16'19.42"N 43°49'9.97" E) - (Compare with: Daniel 10:4, 5; 11:5, 6)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigris#Etymology


 * - Note: The writer of Genesis, Moses identified the Hiddeqel as the one going East of Asshur. This can support the belief: the river wasn't permanently destroyed during the Great Flood. Because basically in modern terms wouldn't it be like saying: the Tigris river which flows Eastwards in Northern Iraq?

- - Perath: - -


 * - Hebrew: (Perat) (פרת). Akkadian: (Purattu) (פרתו). Arabic: (Al-Furat) (אל-פרת).
 * - The Euphrates. (Arabic: Firat; generally agreed to came from the Old Persian: Ufrātu "the good") Euphrates.
 * - (39°31'4.01"N 43°30'25.57" E).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphrates

- - The term Paradise - -


 * - "The word "paradise" entered English from the French paradis, inherited from the Latin paradisus, from Greek parádeisos (παράδεισος), and ultimately from an Old Iranian root, attested in Avestan as pairi.daêza-. The literal meaning of this Eastern Old Iranian language word is "walled (enclosure)", from pairi- "around" + -diz "to create (a wall)". The word is not attested in other Old Iranian languages (these may however be hypothetically reconstructed, for example as Old Persian *paridayda-). By the 6th/5th century BCE, the Old Iranian word had been adopted as Akkadian pardesu and Elamite partetas, "domain". It subsequently came to indicate walled estates, especially the carefully tended royal parks and menageries. The term eventually appeared in Greek as parádeisos "park for animals" in the Anabasis of the early 4th century BCE Athenian gentleman-scholar Xenophon. Aramaic pardaysa similarly reflects "royal park". Hebrew פרדס (pardes) appears thrice in the Tanakh; in the Song of Solomon 4:13, Ecclesiastes 2:5 and Nehemiah 2:8. In those contexts it could be interpreted as an "orchard" or a "fruit garden". In the 3rd–1st centuries BCE Septuagint, Greek παράδεισος (parádeisos) was used to translate both Hebrew pardes and Hebrew gan, "garden": it is from this usage that the use of "paradise" to refer to the Garden of Eden derives. The same usage also appears in Arabic and in the Qur’ān itself as فردوس (firdaws).The idea of a walled enclosure was not preserved in most Iranian usage, and generally came to refer to a plantation or other cultivated area, not necessarily walled. For example, the Old Iranian word survives in New Persian pālīz (or "jālīz"), which denotes a vegetable patch. However, the word park, as well as the similar complex of words that have the same indoeuropean root: garden, yard, girdle, orchard, court, etc., all refer simply to a deliberately enclosed area, but not necessarily an area enclosed by walls." - Wikipedia, under "paradise"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise
 * - "Paradise" in the Bible: it is of interest that King Solomon used the word paradise (Hebrew: Pardes) in his desciption of his royal gardens. - Eccelesiastes 2:5; Song of Solomon 4:13; also see Nehemiah 2:8. * - Greek: parádeisos > Persian: Pairidaeza > Old Persian: Pairidiz... - (Akkadian: pardesu. Elamite: partetas "domain") "paradise" derives from the Persian word for "park," also implying a circumscribed, protected area. The Hebrew word "Pardes" meaning "Paradise" has a four letter root vs. usual Hebraic three.

-


 * - The term Paradise is linked with the Garden of Eden. The Septuagint (circa 280 B.C.E.) uses the word around 30 times, both for Eden, (Genesis 2:7 etc.) and of the Eden restored (Ezekiel 28:13, 36:35) etc. The Septuagint calls the Garden of Eden: "Paradise" (paradeisos) after the ancient Persian pairidaeza meaning 'enclosed parkland'.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise
 * - Also numerous Medieval translations of gospels render the term paradise as the Garden of Eden.

-


 * - Paradise gardens. The great Meidans (royal squares) of Islamic Persia, particularly the beautiful Meidan-é Imam of Isfahan, are symbolic representations of the original Garden of Eden with their high enclosures and formal gardens containing fountains and pools.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_garden
 * - Persian Gardens dating from antiquity = representing; a pool, four rivers, orchards. What legends states about the hanging gardens of Babylon that they were made for the King's (Median(Northern Iranian) wife).
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging_gardens


 * - Although some view this association (of the four rivers) to have caused from later Islamic influence.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.gardenvisit.com/history_theory/library_online_ebooks/ml_gothein_history_garden_art_design/persian_gardens_cyrus_darius
 * - http://www.kavehfarrokh.com/cultural-and-endangered-sites/persian-gardens-declared-as-world-heritage-sites/

- - Nod, the fugitive land - -


 * - Nod (Land of Fugitiveness): Noqi, Iran. (According David Rohl's theory) - Genesis 4:16.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Nod

- - Also see these places: - -


 * - Aratta, on the plain of Edin, Sumerian, Mesopotamian mythology.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aratta#Location_hypotheses
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta

-


 * - Beth-Eden (Bit-adini).
 * - See:
 * - (Amos 1:5).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit_Adini

-


 * - The Garden of Dilmun, Sumerian, Mesopotamian mythology. - "Some scholars maintain that the Sumerians may have originated from the mountainous regions of southwestern Iran, since their epic poems refer several times to western part of Iran as their original homeland." - Wikipedia, which lists Samuel Noah Kramer, An Near Eastern expert as an example.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilmun

-

-
 * - Ekur.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekur


 * - Eridu.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu

-


 * - The Garden near Eridu, Sumerian, Mesopotamian mythology.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu#Prominence

-


 * - Hubur.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubur

-


 * - The "Garden of the gods."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_the_gods_(Sumerian_paradise)

-


 * - The Garden of Hesperides, Greican: (See the chorus: "where immortal fountains flow "by the place where Zeus lay, and holy Earth with her gifts of blessedness")
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesperides#The_Garden_of_the_Hesperides
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mosaico_Trabajos_Hércules_(M.A.N._Madrid)_11.jpg
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunlun_Mountain_(mythology)

-


 * - Greek legend of the "Golden age".
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Age

-


 * - Mount Sahand.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahand

-


 * - Paradise. (See: Persian paradise, "pairidiz" concept).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_garden
 * - http://books.google.ca/books?id=U21j7vDhCCIC&pg=PA51&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false

-


 * - Tamoanchan.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoanchan

-


 * - The Sacred Cedar Forest, Epic of Gilgamesh, Mesopotamian mythology.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Forest

-


 * - "Four Corners"
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_corners_of_the_world

Antediluvian society, plants of Eden:

 * - Commiphora
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 2:11, 12.


 * - "Bdellium gum" (Hebrew: bedolach, Akkadian; budulhu and Sanskrit: gulgulu)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellium#cite_note-3
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commiphora_wightii


 * - Ficus
 * - See:
 * - Genesis '3:7.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficus
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figs_in_the_Bible
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_fig


 * - Ezekiel 31:8 references (although this might be symbolic): Cedar trees, Juniper trees, and plane trees.
 * - Cedar trees.
 * - Cedrus libani.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedrus_libani


 * - Juniper trees.
 * - Juniperus excelsa.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniperus_excelsa


 * - Plane trees.
 * - Platanus orientalis.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platanus_orientalis

Genesis creation

 * - Genesis 1:14 (New World Translation): "Then God said: “Let there be luminaries in the expanse of the heavens to make a division between the day and the night, and they will serve as signs for seasons and for days and years." - The astronomy, time indicators, and the calendar.

-


 * - Genesis 1:25 (New World Translation): "...And God saw that it was good."

- - - -
 * - The Universe "fine-tuned:"


 * - "Essential to the existence of the universe as a whole are the four fundamental forces that govern matter: gravity, electromagnetism, and the strong and weak nuclear forces. All are marvelously fine-tuned." - The Awake! February 2009, published by Jehovah's Witnesses.

- - - -
 * - "The Living Planet:


 * - Life on earth could never exist were it not for a series of very fortunate “coincidences,” some of which were unknown or poorly understood until the 20th century. Those coincidences include the following:


 * - Earth’s location: in the Milky Way galaxy and the solar system, as well as the planet’s orbit, tilt, rotational speed, and unusual moon
 * - A magnetic field and an atmosphere that serve as a dual shield
 * - Natural cycles that replenish and cleanse the planet’s air and water supply. As you consider each of these topics, ask yourself, ‘Are earth’s features a product of blind chance or of purposeful design?’" - Was Life Created? 2010 printed by Jehovah's Witnesses.

-


 * - Jesus spoke of Adam and Eve as real people.
 * - Read:
 * - Matthew 19:3-6.

Antediluvian Society, Lifestyle And Technology:

 * - Agriculture – Genesis 4:2, 3; 9:20 – compare with: Genesis 1:29
 * - Architecture, Construction – Genesis 4:17
 * - Astronomy Genesis 1:4 – compare with: Genesis 7:11
 * - Botany – Genesis 2
 * - Criminal justice, exile – Genesis 4:16
 * - Horticulture – Genesis 2:9
 * - Linguistics: Poetry – Genesis 2:23 and word coining – Genesis 2:20
 * - Livestock keeping: – Genesis 4:20
 * - Fashion – Genesis 3:7; 21
 * - Marriage unions: (Monogamy) – Genesis 2:23 (Polygamy) Genesis 4:19
 * - Metal forging ("Copper and iron" especially and possibly other metal alloys): Tool making, knowledge of geography – Genesis 4:22
 * - Music: the production of musical instruments (specifically "the harp (kinnor) and the pipe") and song composition – Genesis 4:21-23
 * - Ship building – Genesis 6:14
 * - Songwriting – Genesis 4:23-24
 * - Sheep herding – Genesis 4:2-4 (likely wool gather from)
 * - Religious practices – Genesis 2:16; 4:1-4
 * - Time keeping – Genesis 1:14; 7:11; 8:14
 * - Tent-making and dwelling: implies the preparing of fabric, and textiles making, etc – Genesis 4:20
 * - Urban planning and construction – Genesis 4:17
 * - Usage of bitumen/tar (sealant) – Genesis 6:14
 * - Vendettas – Genesis 4:23, 24
 * - Zoology – Genesis 2:20


 * - Note: Some individuals may have dismissed the Biblical account of forging iron at such an early date. However, although not a lot of artifacts testify to the common usage of iron before: circa 1200 B.C.E. (the beginning of the so-called "Iron age) archaeological finds do testify to the usage of iron predating 1,200 B.C.E. For example iron beads from Gerzeh, Egypt.
 * - http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/13/130822-ancient-egypt-beads-meteorites-iron-gerzeh/
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age


 * - Paints a very different picture than "uniformitarianism."

Antediluvian Society, The Nephilim:

 * - DISCLAIMER: ...
 * - "the sons of the true God began to notice that the daughters of men were beautiful. So they began taking as wives all whom they chose." - Genesis 6:2

- - - -
 * - Who the "sons of God"?


 * - The account used the expression: "the daughters of men" not "the daughters of Cain."

"The Nephilim were on the earth in those days and afterward. During that time the sons of the true God continued to have relations with the daughters of men, and these bore sons to them. They were the mighty ones of old times, the men of fame." – Genesis 6:4, The New World Translation, 2013 printing


 * - Why would the mere mention of their marriage to the daughters of men as something special? Marriage, childbearing, had been taking place for more than 1,500 years.
 * - Comparison can be made with:
 * - Job 1:6; 38:7; Hebrews 13:2; 2 Peter 2:4; Jude 6, 7.


 * - The Terminology: beneh ’elim and beneh ha-Elohim meaning the "sons of God" vs. "sons of men"
 * - Compare:
 * - Psalm 4:2; 57:4; Proverbs 8:22, 30, 31; Jeremiah 32:18, 19; Daniel 10:16


 * - The timing, vocabulary, and subject are related to Genesis. The prophet Moses (an Israelite) could wrote the inspired record of Job. — (1 Peter 3:19, 20; 2 Peter 2:4, 5) The phrase: "Sons of God" is evidently used to denote the angels. Of interest is that the Gibborim and hag·gibborim (mighty ones and the mighty ones) were rendered into Biblical Koine Greek as: "Gigantes" (or, giants in English).
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_(Greek_mythology)#Origins
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theogony
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyssey


 * - This is substantiated by the ancient Septuagint translation of Genesis 6:2 which literally translates as "the angels of God".
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephilim#Fallen_angels
 * - http://archive.org/stream/oldtestamentingr01swetuoft#page/n40/mode/1up


 * - The First Century Jewish Historian Flavius Josephus (Yosef ben Matityahu) and a Levitic kohanim.
 * - See:
 * - http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/ant-1.htm


 * - Angels (spirit creatures) evidently do possess the ability to materialize.
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 18; 19; 32


 * - Side note: The term Archangel with its prefix: “arch,” signifying “chief” or “principal,” implies that there is only one archangel, the chief angel. Further, the belief in an existence of more one archangel is not supported by the Bible itself; as the term never occurs in plural form.


 * - The Nephilim were the hybrid offspring of materialized fallen angels and human women. The Nephilim no doubt had esoteric knowledge passed on to them by their fathers (the demons).


 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkallu

- -


 * - Did the Nephilim survive the flood? No!
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 6:12, 13, 17; 7:21; 9:11, 15-17; Matthew 24:39; Acts 17:26; 1 Peter 3:20.


 * - "and they took no note until the Flood came and swept them all away, so the presence of the Son of man will be." – Matthew 24:39, New World Translation


 * - "and he made out of one man every nation of men to dwell on the entire surface of the earth, and he decreed the appointed times and the set limits of where men would dwell" – Acts 17:26, New World Translation


 * - "who had formerly been disobedient when God was patiently waiting in Noah’s day, while the ark was being constructed, in which a few people, that is, eight souls, were carried safely through the water." – 1 Peter 3:20, New World Translation

- -


 * - Jude 6 mentions that divine intervention occurred so that the demons are now "held" in "eternal bonds" or "chains." A parallel text (in 2 Peter) said they have been thrown into "Tartarus" into "pits of dense darkness" "to be reserved for judgment. (2 Peter 2:4)

The Bible says they are "spirits in prison" (1 Peter 3:19, 20) would be now greatly restricted. How so? They still create havoc today and according to the book of Job (written after the flood) Satan (a fallen angel himself) was still able to enter and interrupt a gathering in Heaven. (Job 1:6-12) This leaves us to the conclusion they were permanently restricted from materializing. Which seems logical to me since they were abusing a God-given ability. They are limited but they can still possess people and animals under certain circumstances.


 * - Does the phrase: "in those days, and also after that" mean after the flood? No!
 * - Consider the following:
 * - A: "In those days" = Before the flood
 * - B: "and also after that" = An intermediate period leading up to and finally finishing at the Great Flood.


 * - The whole thing really rests on a negative report given by and evidently, that was intended to terrorize (Numbers 14:11). Remember the language used in this report reflects that. Now just how trustworthy were these individuals? They did embellish their report if we can even call it that. (Numbers 13:33b) the "like grasshoppers" phrase, for example, comes to mind. Otherwise, how do we know if our teachers, our friends, our parents, our co-workers, etc., are not of the Nephilim ancestry?

- - - -
 * - The Bible doesn't mention a second coming of the "sons of God" and mating with the "daughters of men."


 * - To those the claim: "Hebrew records have always maintained that the second wife of Noah was a girl called Na'amah and that the seed of the Nephilim continued after the flood through her incestuous offspring with Noah's accursed grandson Canaan." And that "Paul said that "the oracles of God" are with the Jews, and Jesus said that "the Pharisees sit in Moses seat", and therefore reason so any Bible believer should not ignore what little remnant of ancient wisdom. However, although we should some respect for Jewish oral traditions, to what cost? It's sometimes helpful e.g., understanding certain historical matters, as what the First-Century layout of the temple was like and so forth.


 * - However, the Apostle Paul and Christ Jesus both warned true Christians about fabled Jewish traditions (Titus 1:14). The Apostle Paul said that "all scripture (referring to the Tanakh, the inspired Gospel record, and the inspired Epistles) is inspired of God" (2 Timothy 3:16-17), not all Jewish traditions, especially those passed on orally (which later formed the Talmud and other rabbinic literature). The Apostle Peter also said that there were 8 survivors not 9! (1 Peter 3:20; 2 Peter 2:5 Compare: Genesis 7:13). The Bible explains Canaan was cursed by Noah for a gross and perverted act disgracing his great-grandfather Noah.


 * - The Nephilim re-appearing (because the flood killed "all flesh" minus 8 souls) really rests on an untrustworthy report from unfaithful men designed to strike fear into minds and hearts of the men and women of Israel. I don't think this is a reliable enough to say dogmatically new Nephilim can into being. Genesis 10 documents the genealogy of mankind. There was no mention of fallen angels (the "sons of God") re-mating with women ever again. I feel for new Nephilim to have appeared we would have missed something in the Bible; something huge. Would that make the Great Flood of Noah's day somewhat pointless too? If Canaan's (K'naan) descendants were Nephilim. Where would Christ Jesus, David come into play they descend from Rahab a Canaanitess?

- -
 * - Giants in mythology

- -
 * - Note: Not all giants are Nephilim.


 * - Kroni: "He is the primordial manifestation of evil, and manifests in various forms of evil, such as Ravana and Duryodhana.” - Indian mythology - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kroni

-


 * - Hiranyaksha: "A Datiya, He was slain by Lord Vishnu after he (Hiranyaksha) took the Earth to the bottom of what has been described as the “Cosmic Ocean.” His name in Sanskrit literally means "Golden eye"." - Indian mythology - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyaksha

-


 * - Oni: "Depictions of oni vary widely but usually portray them as hideous, gigantic, creatures with sharp claws, wild hair, and two long horns growing from their heads. They are humanoid for the most part, but occasionally, they are shown with unnatural features such as odd numbers of eyes or extra fingers and toes. Their skin may be any number of colors, but red and blue are particularly common." - Japanese folklore. - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oni_(folklore)

-


 * - Wiindigoog: "(singular wiindigoo) are giant, powerful, malevolent cannibalistic spirits associated with the Winter and the North. If a human ever resorts to cannibalism to survive, they are said to become possessed by the spirit of a wiindigoo, and develop an overpowering desire for more human flesh." -Wikipedia. - Anishinaabe, First Nations peoples mythology."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs#Spiritual_beings
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendigo#In_Algonquian_mythology

-


 * - The Quinametzin of Aztec mythology.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinametzin

-


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kee-wakw
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_(mythology)

-


 * - The Story of Jack and the Beanstalk
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_and_the_Beanstalk
 * - http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/news/fairy-tales-could-date-back-thousands-of-years-research-says-a6822021.html

- - - -
 * - "Demigods" in mythology


 * - Euhemerism: is an approach to the interpretation of mythology in which mythological accounts are presumed to have originated from real historical events or personages. – Wikipedia (Bulfinch, Thomas. Bulfinch's Mythology. Whitefish: Kessinger, 2004, p. 194.).
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euhemerism
 * - Meme: "an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture". – Merriam-Webster Dictionary.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meme


 * - Mesopotamian:
 * - Gilgamesh.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh

-


 * - Hindu:
 * - Ganas.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana
 * - Nandi
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_(bull)
 * - Pandava
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandava

-


 * - Greek:
 * - Aeacus
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeacus

-


 * - Aeneas
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeneas

-


 * - Achilles
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles

-


 * - Amphion
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphion

-


 * - Helen of Troy
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_of_Troy

-


 * - Heracles
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles

-


 * - Orpheus
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus

-


 * - Perseus
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseus

-


 * - Satyr
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyr

-


 * - Polynesian:
 * - Mui.

-


 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demigod
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_demigods

-


 * - Also see:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apkallu
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_of_Castelnau
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer_Cave_people
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythology)

Hebrew: a Canaanite language?

 * - The Canaanites were like an island in a sea of speakers of Semitic languages.
 * - To put this into perspective: The Canaanites population where areas dotting what is now Israel, the West bank, and Lebanon:
 * - The modern state of Isreal is "slightly larger than New Jersey." - CIA - The World Factbook. (note: the modern state of Israel includes the Negev region)
 * - The West bank is "slightly smaller than Delaware." - CIA - The World Factbook.
 * - And modern Lebanon is "0.7 times the size of Connecticut." - CIA - The World Factbook.

-


 * - Their neighbors spoke:
 * - Ancient Aramaic (Hebrew's closest relative; largely is what is now Syria).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aramaic_language
 * - Ugaritic (Ras Shamra, Syria)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_language
 * - Old Akkadian. (Is what now known as Iraq and some regions of what is now Syria; an ancient lingua franca of the Middle East)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkadian
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eblaite_language
 * - Old Hebrew (the Edomites, Ammonites, Moabites, Israelites, and possibly other peoples like the Ishmaelites? Medanites? Shuhites? Descandants of Jokshan son's Sheba and Dedan?)
 * - Old North Arabic. (Northern Arabia peninsula)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_North_Arabian
 * - Old South Arabic. (In Southern Arabia peninsula, e.g., Sabeans)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_South_Arabian
 * - The Canaanites had the Ocean to them on the West.

-


 * - Ancient (North-West) Semitic snake spells inscription in Egypt.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/discoveries/2007-01-23-snake-spell_x.htm
 * - http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/02/070205-snake-spells_2.html
 * - http://www.viewzone.com/proto-canaanite.html
 * - (see: Isaiah 3:17 dispute of the "crown of the head," or female genitalia... words: yad (hand), ari (lion), beit (house)...)

-


 * - See: the book Early Northwest Semitic Serpent Spells in pyramid texts by R. Steiner dated "2400 to 3000 B.C.E" according to National Geographic (it should be noted these dates are inaccurate according to the Bible chronology). The passages, which were inscribed on the subterranean walls of the pyramid of King Unas at Saqqara, Egypt.
 * - See:
 * - www.pyramidtextsonline.com
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unas

The Hebrew Language

 * - See:
 * - http://www.creationstudies.org/articles/who-is-god/341-ancient-sumerian

--- ---
 * - Hebrew, An Antediluvian Language?


 * - Q. Was the language which is now known as Hebrew, the one language spoken before the lingual confusion at Babel?
 * - A.
 * - 1.) The usage of Hebrew poetry and word coinage contained in:
 * - Genesis 1:26 (The word/name Adam)
 * - Genesis 2:22-24 (the ish-shah, compare verses: Genesis 18-22)
 * - Genesis 3:20 (the Hebrew name of Eve: Chawwah)
 * - Genesis 4:23, 24.

-


 * - 2.) Other names:
 * - Cain ('something produced').
 * - Enoch ('one trained up; inaugurated; that is dedicated,'...).
 * - Irad (...), Mehujael ('struck by God').
 * - Methushael ('Man of God').
 * - Lamech (his two wives: A′dah (Decked) & Zil′lah ('shadow, shade')
 * - Jabal (son of Lamech and A'dah), Tubal-Cain, son of Lamech and Zilah and the brother of Naamah (pleasant) his sister.
 * - Abel: ('exhalation').
 * - Seth ('appointment, put, or set').
 * - Enosh ('Mortal man').
 * - Cainan.
 * - Mahalaleel.
 * - Jared
 * - '''Enoch ('one trained up; inaugurated; that is dedicated,'...),
 * - Methuselah.
 * - Lamech
 * - Noah (rest).

-


 * - 3.) The names proceeding the flood but previous to the language change have Hebrew meanings:
 * - Tarshish, son of Javan, son of Japheth: "scatter" (Genesis 10:4)
 * - Havilah, son of Cush, son of Ham: "region of sand" (Compare with: Genesis 2:11; 10:7)
 * - Shem and thereby his descendants were blessed by Noah. - (Genesis 9:26.)
 * - Although Shem was Abraham's great-great-great-great-great-great-great- (7 Greats) grandfather. He was also his contemporary living ten years after the marriage of Isaac and Rebekah (1878 B.C.E.). Shem would have evidently spoken the same language as Noah and Abraham and Isaac would evidently speak the same language of Shem. - (Genesis 11:10, 11.)

-


 * -  4.)
 * - The name of Babel has a Hebraic meaning. "That is why its name was called Babel, because there Jehovah had confused (balal) the language of all the earth, and Jehovah had scattered them from there over the entire face of the earth." - Genesis 11:9, NWT Revised Edition 2013.

-


 * - 5.)
 * - Circumstantial evidence. The Hebrew text at Genesis chapter 3, uses the plural form you. - (Circumstantial evidence)
 * - Genesis 1:5, 8, 10. "...calling the light Day, but the darkness he called Night." - (Circumstantial evidence)
 * - That "lack of emphasis on verbal time may reflect the outlook of man in his perfection." - Insight on the scripture volumes 1, under Hebrew, page... - (Circumstantial evidence)

-


 * - The question also arises where did Abraham gain his understanding of God? His father Terah does not seem a to likely source by any means. Terah (Abram/Abraham's father) was an idolatrous polytheist. - Joshua 24:2.

-


 * - Where Abraham family was:
 * - Haran (36°51'54.86"N  39° 1'27.03"E) is a place of Abraham's family and relatives live. Abraham referred to it as "my country" - Genesis 24:4.
 * - Haran is about 340 miles away from Mount Ararat* (39°43'1.59"N 44°17'28.74"E).
 * - Haran is about 220 miles W of Nineveh (36°31'12.70"N  43° 2'37.73"E) which in turn is some 230 miles SSE of Mount Ararat.
 * - A radius of 550 miles around Haran (36°51'54.86"N  39° 1'27.03"E) includes all locations and sites in Israel, the region of Ararat, and all of Mesopotamia.
 * - Abraham Father evidently later move to the city of Ur.
 * - http://fontes.lstc.edu/~rklein/Documents/Ur.htm
 * - Evidence indicates Ur in the land of the Chaldeans was not near Haran. - (Acts 7:4)

-


 * - To put this into perspective:
 * - Iraq is "slightly more than twice the size of Idaho." - CIA Factbook.
 * - And Jordan "slightly smaller than Indiana." - CIA Factbook.
 * - Secular understanding of the development Semitic languages is limited. There is not much information on Semitic languages prior to the 15 century B.C.E., with the exception of Akkadian. - See: Akkadian dictionary: (http://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/07/science/07dictionary.html) 21 volume, 28,000 word. It should Akkadian shows Sumerian influence.
 * - Aramaic: "evidence the earliest use of the language, dating from the 10th century B.C.E." - Wikipedia.
 * - Arabic, Old North: "dating ... roughly the 6th-century B.C.E " - Wikipedia.
 * - Arabic, Old South: "1000 B.C.E-1200 B.C.E"
 * - Ugaritic: "The Ugaritic language is attested in texts from the 14th through the 12th-century B.C.E."

-


 * - Sample comparing similarities of Ancient Hebrew and Akkadian
 * - Greeting: - Ancient (pre-Biblical) Hebrew: Shalām. (SH-L-M) - Akkadian: Shalāmu. (SH-L-M)
 * - Head: - Biblical Hebrew: Rēsh (R-SH). - Akkadian: Rēshu. (R-SH)
 * - Father: - Biblical Hebrew: Ab (A-B) - Akkadian: Ab (A-B).
 * - Mother: - Biblical Hebrew: Uma - Akkadian: ummu.

-


 * - To test the claim of considerable degree of mutual intelligibility
 * - Hebrew language (lang-A)
 * - Other ancient Semitic language (lang-B)

-


 * - Factors to consider:
 * - Exposure factors: A person's familiarity with the language (lang A or B) due to exposure.
 * - Distinguishing the differences between the literary and spoken form. Which has a greater degree of mutual intelligibility to lang-A?
 * - Everyday speech (spoken) as opposed to regular speech. Does regular everyday speech reflect a greater degree of mutual intelligibility to lang-A? Factors like the non-technical speech or an advanced vocabulary etc.,
 * - Asymmetric intelligibility. Does a speaker of lang-A understand lang-B better or does a speaker of lang-B understand lang-A better?
 * - Hebrew, A Living Language Of The First Century:

- -
 * - Hebrew literature:

The "Dead Sea Scrolls," the Masada letters, the Simon bar Kochba letters, etc adds weigh to Hebrew at the very least Judeans would be fluent in ancient Hebrew for liturgy purposes especially considering the role in Judaic life.

It should also be noted that The Tanakh (e.g., 2 Kings 18:17, 18, 26), the Dead Sea Scrolls/Qumran writings, the works of Flavius Josephus (Jewish Antiquities, X, 8 [i, 2]), and the Talmudic writing distinguish between the Hebrew and Aramaic languages.

Christ Jesus was born to Judean parents. Joseph's hometown was Bethlehem of Judea (neighboring nearby Jerusalem), at least one of Jesus' uncles (a Levite priest) and cousins (John the Baptist) were Kohanim Levites (Aaronic priests). When Christ Jesus was 12 years old the Bible speaks of him conversing with religious teachers at the temple in Jerusalem. - Luke 2:39-52. Jesus read the scroll of Isaiah in the synagogue. - Luke 4:16, 17.
 * - The Dead Sea Scrolls/Qumran writings dated to circa. 408 B.C.E. to 318 C.E.
 * - According to Wikipedia:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls
 * - These scrolls were in Hebrew, Koine Greek, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic and Nabataean (a type of Western Aramaic)
 * - The Bible referencing the Hebrew in the First Century
 * - John 19:20 "Written in Hebrew" (sign on the impalement). - Location in Jerusalem.
 * - Acts 21:40; 22:2 "in the Hebrew language" (the apostle Paul speaking to Jews). - Location in Jerusalem.
 * - Acts 26:14 "in the Hebrew language" (Christ speaking to the apostle Paul)

- -
 * - In the "New Testament":


 * - "Bethzatha" - (meaning: House of olives) – (Hebrew)
 * - John 5:2 - Location in Jerusalem.
 * - "Talitha cumi" (meaning: "Little girl, I say to you, Get up!" - NWT Revised Edition, 2013.) - (Semitic)
 * - Mark 5:41
 * - 'Gabbatha" – (גֻּלְגֹלֶת) - (Hebrew)
 * - John 19:13 - Location in Jerusalem.
 * - 'Golgotha" (meaning: skull place) – (Hebrew)
 * - Matthew 27:33; John 19:17; Mark 15:22 - Location: Jerusalem.
 * - "Rabboni" – (meaning: my (great) teacher) - (Hebrew)
 * - Mark 10:51; John 1:38; 20:16
 * - "Eli Eli lama sabachthani" – (אלהי אלהי למה שבקתני or אלי אלי למה שבקתני) - (Probably late vernacular Hebrew) (The only word seemly in question was "Sabachthani" and "Sabachthani" is found in Mishanaic Hebrew),
 * - Matthew 27:46; Mark 15:34 (See: Psalm 22:1). It seems Christ Jesus was using a form of vernacular Hebrew. - Location spoken: Jerusalem.
 * - "Abaddon" – (meaing: Destruction) - (Hebrew)
 * - Revelation 9:11
 * - "Har-magedon" – (meaning: mountain of Megiddo) - (Hebrew)
 * - Revelation 16:14, 16

-


 * - Evidence indicates that gospel of Matthew was originally penned in Hebrew.


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_Gospel_hypothesis
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Howard_(Hebraist)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew


 * - Who was Matthew wrote the gospel initially for? What audience he had in mind? Evidently it was the Jewish audience and the liturgical language of the Jewish people was (leshon haq-qodesh, "the holy language") classical Hebrew.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_language#Judaism
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lashon_Hakodesh
 * - The following attest to this claim:
 * - Ireneus of Lyons, 130 C.E. - circa 202 C.E. - (according to Wikipedia).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireneus
 * - Eusebius, 263-315 C.E. (according to Wikipedia) - (cites: Papias and Origen).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis
 * - 'http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origen
 * - Jerome, circa 347 C.E. - 420 C.E. In his work De viris inlustribus (Concerning Illustrious Men), chapter 3.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome
 * - Ishodad of Merv, circa 850 C.E. (according to Wikipedia).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishodad_of_Merv

According to Wikipedia, "The Gospel of Matthew is anonymous: the author is not named within the text, and the superscription "according to Matthew" was added sometime in the second century. The tradition that the author was the disciple Matthew begins with the early Christian bishop Papias of Hierapolis (circa 100-140 C.E.), who is cited by the Church historian Eusebius (260-340 C.E.)."
 * - Christ Jesus no doubt could speak both in the Hebrew language (1) Classical, 2) Rabbinic 3) And the colloquial dialects of that time period) and the Galilean Aramaic dialect and according to scriptures, he evidently read Classical Hebrew. Both Hebrew and Aramaic are Northwest Semitic languages.


 * - Western Aramaic, and its living descendants:
 * - Samaria
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan_Aramaic
 * - In Syria
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Neo-Aramaic
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma'loula
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubb_Adin

After his baptism, the heavens were opened up to (Matthew 3:16). Thus after his baptism, he evidently had access to the memories of his pre-human existence. With this knowledge, he would know all the languages of the day - (Aramaic, Latin, Greek, and others).

The group known as "The Vine of David" comments regarding Franz Delitzsch: "Delitzsch held the view that "the Hebrew remained, even after the exile, the language of Jewish literature." Citing numerous examples, he states, "The Shemitic woof of the New Testament Hellenism is Hebrew, not Aramaic. Our Lord and his apostles thought and spoke for the most part in Hebrew." So Delitzsch’s work, on some level, attempts to reconstruct the actual teachings of Yeshua in Hebrew."


 * - Source:
 * - http://vineofdavid.org/resources/dhe/
 * - Hebrew, Learning Biblical Hebrew:
 * - Spoken Hebrew:
 * - Written Hebrew:
 * - ʔ, b/v, g/d͡ʒ, d/ð, h, w, z, ħ, ť, j (y), k/x, l, m, n, s, ʕ/ɣ, p/f, t͡sˤ, ɾ, q, s/ʃ, t/θ.
 * - Vowels:
 * - ʔ, b/v, g/d͡ʒ, d/ð, h, w, z, ħ, ť, j (y), k/x, l, m, n, s, ʕ/ɣ, p/f, t͡sˤ, ɾ, q, s/ʃ, t/θ.
 * - Vowels:

- - - -
 * - Classical Hebrew, e-teacher course


 * - Pros:
 * - Teachers actually know Hebrew and live in Israel.

-


 * - Cons:
 * - Needed to incorporate the "four strands"

-


 * - Format:

-


 * - Level A (1):
 * - Level B (2):
 * - Level C (3):
 * - Level D (4):
 * - Level E (5): One academic year.

- -
 * - Hebrew helpers:


 * - Hebrew transliteration:
 * - See:
 * - (http://www.alittlehebrew.com/transliterate)
 * - Most frequent Hebrew words in the Bible, in order of frequency. - Top 500.
 * - See:
 * - 'http://www.kreuzer-siegfried.de/hilfsmittel/hebr-500-engl.pdf
 * - Most frequent Hebrew words in the Bible, verbs. - Top 100 verbs
 * - See:
 * - http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/docs/37_lesson01.pdf
 * - Most frequent Hebrew words in the Bible, nouns.
 * - See:
 * - Tanakh audio (Read by Abraham Shmuelof, Divine name read as Adonai, Masoretic text)
 * - See:
 * - http://kodesh.snunit.k12.il/i/tr/t0101.htm
 * - http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm
 * - http://www.aoal.org/hebrew_audiobible.htm
 * - Hebrew: Ma’agarim website:
 * - See:
 * - http://hebrew-treasures.huji.ac.il/
 * - Hebrew follows: VSO (Verb + subject + object)
 * - Read + the teacher + the book. - In English: The teacher read the book.
 * - Ate + the boy + the apple. - In English: The boy ate the apple.
 * - Ate + the boy + the apple. - In English: The boy ate the apple.

- -
 * - Dagesh:


 * - "Weak Dagesh:"
 * - Note: only effects the letters: Beth, Gimel, Daleth, Kaf, Pe, Taw.


 * - B/V.
 * - G/GH.
 * - D/DH.
 * - K/KH.
 * - P/PH.
 * - T/TH.


 * - "Strong Dagesh"
 * - Notes:
 * - Cannot begin a word or end a word.

- -
 * - The Shewa:


 * - Moving shewa:


 * - 1.
 * - 2.
 * - 3.


 * - 1.
 * - 2.
 * - 3.
 * - When two shewas go walking the 2nd one does the talking.


 * - Videos of lessons from classical Hebrew e-teacher:
 * - 1. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7KCHq7FVJFU&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 2. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_MpCN751z8&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 3. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42x8Ab0aXlE&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 4. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OHxpS-qFWuQ&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 5. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=387cI7GWSBg&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 6. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0m_R5fZdk-8&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 7. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZFSqUfQz3w&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 8. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWQGmoBrb7U&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=beadFCxK3D4
 * - 10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1XGGHfoKrI&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqEBiDnCAK4&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 12. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqEBiDnCAK4
 * - 13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yf6HnedALH0&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 14. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ldRYjnOvUQ&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 15. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLW3FkGimFA&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 16. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lLyLW3qqxc&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z_aOq4535yU&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 18. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msjDP7HG3bs&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 19. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tq0bOSf0nu4&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aV0pGgZFz-I&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 21. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aThp1_AIcOU&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 22. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qeoe7Az0C3Y&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Tg04TbIvjc&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pZoxEn1shAY&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 25. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vi0XOuNfL_I&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vi0XOuNfL_I&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 27. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IaZOZOMWGjA&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 28. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P1eVlmTFkZA&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 29. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=93QzKdZ0XNQ&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB
 * - 30. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FNturesp-BA&list=PLA381F02B182DBCEB&index=30

- - - -
 * - Hebrew vs. Arabic. Which is Older?:


 * - Is Arabic older than Hebrew? Debate...
 * - Which language is older is the subject of debate, since they both share the same origin. Further complicating it is how an individual would determine what is constitutes what as being older. What aspects a person uses to measure one language older than another vary. (case system, phonology, articles, vocabulary, word meaning)
 * - We have not discovered tablets or inscriptions in “Proto-Semitic” yet. So therefore what “Proto-Semitic” is based only educated guesses.
 * - Simplified English is still English.

--- --- --- ---
 * - Hebrew and it's relatives: Ancient Semitic Languages:


 * - Akkadian. "East Semitic."
 * - Arabic, North. "Central."
 * - Arabic, South. ("South"):
 * - Aramaic.
 * - Eblaite language, "ancient city of Ebla, at Tell Mardikh Eblaite is an Eastern Semitic language like Akkadian, indeed it may be identical to pre-Sargonic Akkadian." - Wikipedia. (Possibly proto-Hebrew)
 * - 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eblaite_language
 * - Hebrew ("Central Semitic, North-West Semitic"): (Oldest inscriptions date to...)
 * - Ugaritic.


 * - Where did the "Proto-Semitic" language come from? The Bible shows it came from a northern location: specifically from the region of what is now Southern Turkey and Northern Syria (the approximate area of the 37th parallel) as opposed to the proposed secular theory of a southern location in Arabia.

--- ---
 * - Places and their associated Semitic languages:


 * - Aleppo, Northern Syria: Aramaic
 * - Byblos, Northern Lebanon: Phoenician.
 * - Ebla, Northern Syria: Syrian Akkadian.
 * - Haran, Southern Turkey: Ancient Proto-Hebrew? - the land of Abraham's family.
 * - Mari, Syria: Ugaritic.
 * - Nineveh, Northern Iraq: Assyrian Akkadian.

- -
 * - Ancient Hebrew Writing


 * - If today's scholars, accepted Moses as recording the bible books: Job, Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and most of the Deuteronomy, and additionally the 90th Psalm in the framework of the biblical chronology, in the ancient Hebrew script; it would mean a revision to the information presented by the mainstream theory regarding the origin of the alphabet. Framework: The writing would have completed at 1473 B.C.E., and some of the books started at very least as early as 1513 B.C.E.


 * - "Scholars usually date 1050 B.C.E., as the mark beginning of the Phoenician script."
 * - http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/meast/10/30/israel.ancient.text/index.html,,.


 * - 1) The Wadi El-Hol graffiti:
 * - However, according to Wikipedia: "The oldest examples are found as graffiti in the Wadi El-Hol and date to perhaps 1850 B.C.E." Long before 1513 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script


 * - 2) The Ugaritic script
 * - "The Ugaritic script is a cuneiform (wedge-shaped) abjad used from around either the fifteenth century B.C.E. or 1300 B.C.E." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet#cite_note-1 Almost contemporary and shortly after 1513 B.C.E.
 * - In addition, there are lost papyrus and parchment documents: It should also be noted that during this period most documents were recorded papyrus which does not last long in a humid climate of the Levant.

- -
 * - Early Hebrew Inscriptions:


 * - The Qeiyafa ostracon:
 * - "Dated to the tenth century B.C.E." (Location: Found at the valley of Elah (Qeiyafa), around the Wadi es-Sant)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa#Khirbet_Qeiyafa_inscription

-


 * - The Tel Zayit inscription:
 * - "Dated to the tenth century B.C.E." (Location: Tel Zayit)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayit_Stone

-


 * - The Gezer calendar inscription:
 * - "Believed to be from the tenth century B.C.E." (Location: Tel Jezer; Gezer)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gezer_calendar

-


 * - Ishba’al ben Beda inscription:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/life/archaeology/.premium-1.661470

The Great Flood

 * - The Flood, The Overview:


 * - The Genesis account is not a vague description. Reflect on the account how it answers the 5 W's.


 * - Matthew 24:37-39
 * - Christ Jesus mentioned the Flood of Noah's day.


 * - Genesis 5:28-10; 1 Chronicles 1:4; Ezekiel 14:14,20; Isaiah 54:9; Matthew 24:37, 38; Luke 3:36; 17:17; Hebrews 11:7; 1 Peter 3:20; 2 Peter 2:5
 * - And early Bible-believing Christians believed the Flood of Noah's day was a real event!

-


 * - Who:
 * - Noah and his wife
 * - Japheth and his wife
 * - Shem and his wife
 * - Ham and his wife.
 * - See:


 * - Genesis 7:13; 1 Peter 3:20; 2 Peter 2:5

-


 * - The ark constructed by Noah.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000367


 * - What was used to build the ark?


 * - Tar and or bitumen: (on both "the inside and the outside")
 * - Made the ark waterproof.


 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000762?q=bitumen&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caulking
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_(resin)
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar


 * - Wood:
 * - "Gopher-wood" (King James Version), "resinous wood" (New World Translation, 2013). Traditionally associated with cypress wood.
 * - Resinous wood would be both strong and keep it waterproof.
 * - Genesis 6:14-16.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003706?q=gopher&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopherwood
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens


 * - The Ark had Rooms ("Compartment) in the ark. Also made with "resinous wood" and sealed with tar (pitch) to make totally waterproof.


 * - However, based on the documentation on the wood testing for Fernand Navarra. The wood presented (allegedly from the ark) was said to be Pedunculate oak.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quercus_robur


 * - Etchmiadzin Cathedral in Armenia, allegedly possess a piece of the ark.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etchmiadzin_Cathedral

-


 * - Where the story unfolds?


 * - The whole earth was covered by the flood waters. Humans seemed to have lived in what is now region of Kurdistan: it what is present-day Iran (Persia)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia
 * - the Ararat region (Assyrian Akkadian: 'Urartu): Turkey
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey and Armenia.
 * - Genesis 8:4.


 * - Also see:
 * - Garden of Eden.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garden_of_eden


 * - Armenia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenia


 * - History of Armenia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Armenia


 * - Urartu.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urartu


 * - Mountains of Ararat.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountains_of_Ararat


 * - Mount Ararat.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat


 * - Harran.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa_Province

-


 * - Q. How were all the animals gathered?
 * - A. Divine intervention. The scriptures say "they kept going to Noah" (New World Translation). - Genesis 7:15.

-


 * - Q. Number of animals?


 * - A.
 * - 1) one male and one female representative of each kind "unclean" animals.
 * - 2) Three females and fours male representatives of each kind clean animals of "clean" animals.
 * Source material:
 * - The Watchtower, 3/15, 2007 page 31. Question from readers)

-


 * - Q. With saline levels (how did freshwater fish survive)?
 * - A. We do not totally know all the abilities of antediluvian fish (natural selection afterward) and the possibility of miraculous intervention.

-


 * - Q. How could the ark withstand waves and debris and etc?'
 * - A. With an intelligent design/divine intervention.


 * - The ark's design followed well-designed ratios to which insure stability:
 * - Length (300 cubits) - width (50 cubits): 6:1
 * - Length (300 cubits) - height (30 cubits): 10:1. (very important in stability)
 * - It's interesting to note that the width (50 cubits) to the height (30 cubits) 5:3 is 1.666 (virtually the same as Phi: 1.618)
 * - In addition the ark was sealed with pitch. This made it a watertight vessel. The well-designed windows allowed air in.


 * - See:
 * - January 07, 2007; Awake! magazine: "Noah's Ark and Naval Architecture."
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102007008?q=naval&p=par
 * - https://www.apologeticspress.org/apcontent.aspx?category=13&article=562
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/Ark_dimensions.htm

-


 * - Compare:
 * - The S.S. Jeremiah O'Brien
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Jeremiah_O%27Brien
 * - The S.S. Great Britian
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Great_Britain

-


 * - Q. Could the ark hold the weight on all the animals and stay afloat?
 * - A. Yes!
 * - See:
 * - http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/could-noahs-ark-float-theory-yes-180950385/
 * - http://ww2.nationalpost.com/m/wp/blog.html?b=news.nationalpost.com/2014/04/03/noahs-ark-could-have-floated-with-the-weight-of-70000-animals-inside-researchers-calculate
 * - http://voiceofrussia.com/uk/news/2014_04_06/Students-calculate-the-size-of-Noahs-Ark-and-lo-see-that-it-floats-5444/

-


 * - Q. How could Noah care for all the animals while aboard the ark? - (feeding them? What about carnivores?)
 * - A. There were eight people in the ark.

-


 * - Q. How did plants survived?
 * - A. "Maybe Noah had retained many plant seeds and during the flood many species could have survived in floating." - Mr. Robert Tiso.
 * - How they actually under water...

-


 * - Q. How could the ark hold all the animals?
 * - A. "It is estimated that nowadays they are about 17,000 kinds of mammalian, amphibians, reptiles and birds, Calculating that the middle measure of such animals is comparable of a sheep, there would be not only space in the ark for two of every kind but a thousand of kind it." -
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Ark_dimensions.htm

-


 * - Q. Repopulating the earth?
 * - A.

-


 * - When: 2370 B.C.E.
 * - The flood begins on:
 * - Heshvan/Bul 17: (the Mid-late October — early November).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshvan

-


 * - Why: Wickedness and violence in the earth. - Genesis 6:11

-


 * - How: Genesis 1:7 - The source/s of the flood water:
 * - Then God proceeded to make the expanse and to make a division between the waters that should be beneath the expanse and the waters that should be above the expanse. And it came to be so. - (Genesis 1:7)
 * - "...all the springs of the vast watery deep were broken open and the floodgates of the heavens were opened." - (Genesis 7:11b)
 * - "And the springs of the watery deep and the floodgates of the heavens became stopped up, and so the downpour from the heavens was restrained." - (Genesis 8:2) NWT.


 * - 1) Springs of the vast watery deep were broken open
 * - 2) The floodgates of the heavens were opened

- - The Enormity of the Flood: - -


 * - "And the waters overwhelmed the earth so greatly that all the tall mountains that were under the whole heavens came to be covered" - (Genesis 7:19) NWT.


 * - "Evidently they are right here on earth. Today there is about 1.4 billion cu km (326 million cu mi) of water on the earth. It covers more than 70 percent of the globe’s surface. The average depth of the oceans is 4 km (2.5 mi); average elevation of the land is only 0.8 km (0.5 mi) above sea level. If the earth’s surface was smoothed out, it would all be covered with water to a depth of 2,400 m (8,000 ft)" - Quote from the Bible Encyclopedia: Insight on the Scriptures, Flood of Noah's Day.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000758?q=70+percent&p=par


 * - Where did the water go? Still here. "Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface" "On Earth, 96.5% of the planet's water is found in oceans, 1.7% in groundwater, 1.7% in glaciers and the ice caps of Antarctica and Greenland, a small fraction in other large water bodies, and 0.001% in the air as vapor, clouds (formed of solid and liquid water particles suspended in air), and precipitation." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water

- Also Compare: -


 * - The fact:
 * - 1) that an ark was needed 2) The enormous size of the vessel.
 * - The fact:
 * - All animals and humans that were outside the ark perished as documented in Genesis 6:19; 7:3, 11, 19-23.
 * - The fact:
 * - Birds were aboard the ark.
 * - The fact:
 * - Local floods don't last months.
 * - The fact:
 * - Many flood legends reflect the Bible's account that was a world-wide flood.
 * - The fact:
 * - The Bible says: "The waters overwhelmed the earth so greatly that all the tall mountains under the whole heavens were covered. The waters rose up to 15 cubits above the mountains." – Genesis 7:19, 20
 * - The fact:
 * - Notice the word in the Rainbow covenant: "And I will certainly remember my covenant that I made between me and you and every living creature of every kind; and never again will the waters become a flood to destroy all flesh." – Genesis 9:15 (NWT2013).
 * - The Expressions:
 * - "I have decided to put an end to all flesh," (Genesis 6:13, 2013 NWT Revised edition)
 * - "As for me, I am going to bring floodwaters upon the earth to destroy from under the heavens all flesh that has the breath of life. Everything on the earth will perish." (Genesis 6:17NWT, 2013 revised edition)
 * - "I will wipe from the surface of the ground every living thing that I have made." (Genesis 7:4)

- -
 * - The fact: Flood lasted over a year:


 * - Over a month (40 days and nights) downpour.
 * - Five months later: the ark landed.
 * - Two and half months later: the "“the tops of the mountains appeared” - Genesis 8:5, NWT.
 * - Three months later: most of the earth had drained - Genesis 8:13
 * - About two months later: when the 8 survivors finally went outside of the ark. Genesis 8:14-18.
 * - And the Greek term: "kataklysmos."


 * - Could the ark have held all the animals?
 * - The ark could house 125,280 sheep-sized animals.
 * - It is true that encyclopedias refer to over a million species of animals. But Noah was instructed to preserve only representatives of every “kind” of land animal and flying creature. Some investigators have said that just 43 “kinds” of mammals, 74 “kinds” of birds, and 10 “kinds” of reptiles could have produced the great variety of species of these creatures that are known today. The ark had about 40,000 cu m (1,400,000 cu ft) of usable space—ample for the passenger list – Source: Noahsark.it


 * - See:
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/Ark_dimensions.htm
 * - http://www.noahsarksearch.com/faqs/


 * - See:
 * - "micro-evolution."


 * - How could Noah dispose of animal waste?
 * - "According to one researcher: between the basement and the first floor of the ark there was a double fund for ballasts and excrement." (information provided by Mr. Roberto Tiso)

-


 * - The ark rests on: - Genesis 8:4
 * - Abib/Nisan 16: (Mid-late March — early April).


 * - Raven: (The first bird specifically mentioned in the Bible) - Genesis 8:7
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003651?q=raven&p=par
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raven
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_ravens
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miwok_mythology#Sierra_Miwok_.28How_ravens_became_people.29


 * - Dove:
 * - Genesis 8:8, 9
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbidae
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_dove

-


 * - How would Noah his family and the animals descend from Mount Ararat?
 * - "Walking with their legs... no problem as many Armenians pilgrims  climbed in the past centuries to visit the ark so also Noè, family and animals came down easily since as soon as after the Deluge there was no snow or ice yet." - (information provided by Mr. Roberto Tiso)


 * - 2369 B.C.E. Making of the covenant after the Flood. - Genesis 8:13; 9:16


 * - Over eight centuries after the flood (approximately 857 years) and over seven centuries (approximately some 756 years) after the building of the tower of Babel the Genesis account was recorded into the "scroll of Moses."


 * - "Mount Nisir of the Gilgamesh epic, also Mount Durupinar 8 miles in south Ararat and Mount Cudi Dagi about 200 miles south Ararat and in some Iranians mountains too."


 * - Mount Nisir
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nisir


 * - "In the Armenian tradition and Western Christianity, based on Jerome's reading of Josephus, the mountain became associated with Mount Masis (now known as Mount Ararat) the highest peak of the Armenian Highland, located in present-day Turkey." – Wikipedia.

-


 * - "Testimony of ark being sighted on Mount Ararat"
 * - See:
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/Historical%20testimonies.htm
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/Testimonies%20list.htm
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/eyewitnesses.htm


 * - Research:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/studies_by_palego.htm
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/Studies_by_tiso%20eand%20vartanian.htm

-


 * - Names and places associated with the Flood:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/Toponomy.htm


 * - Kargakonmaz: (40° 22′ 0″ N, 43° 59′ 0″ E)
 * - "The raven won't land"?
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 8:7.


 * - Echmiadzin: (40°10'2.74"N 44°17'26.15"E)
 * - "those who descended"?
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 8:18.


 * - Yereven (40°10'29.34"N 44°30'40.19"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan#Early_history


 * - Masis: (40° 4'0.41"N  44°26'9.48"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khor_Virap.jpg


 * - Arghuri/Ahora. - "The planting of the vine."?
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 9:20.

-


 * - Effect on geology
 * - Read:
 * - Psalms 104:6-8.

-


 * - The study of the path of the ark:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.noahsark.it/Studies_by_tiso%20eand%20vartanian.htm

-


 * - Critics challenge the flood's reality citing that "King Clone is thought to be the oldest Creosote bush ring in the Mojave Desert. The ring is estimated to be 11,700 years old." - Wikipedia However, the Bible acknowledges that some trees survived (Genesis 8:11). And even if this is the case that would still wouldn't disprove the Bible's account (it would only discredit young earth creationism).

-


 * - Circa 275 B.C.E.
 * - Berossus (Bēl-rē'ushunu) - mentioned in Flavius Josephus.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Historical%20testimonies.htm
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berossus


 * - Circa 320 - 403 - Epiphanius of Salamis' testimony
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis
 * - http://noahsark.it/Historical%20testimonies.htm


 * - Circa 1269
 * - Marco Polo, traveling merchant and explorer.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Historical%20testimonies.htm
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marco_Polo


 * - Circa 1253
 * - The tesimony of William of Rubruck, a Flemish Franciscan missionary and explorer.
 * - See:
 * - '''http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_of_Rubruck'


 * - Circa 1647
 * - "Sketch of "the Two Ararats," by Boulé Legouze. This French traveler sketched this crude rendering."
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Historical%20testimonies.htm


 * - Circa 1711
 * - "Engraving of Mt. Ararat showing reported resting place of the Ark. From Travels in Persia by Sir John Chardin."
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Historical%20testimonies.htm


 * - Circa 1876
 * - James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, a British academic, jurist, historian and Liberal politician..
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bryce,_1st_Viscount_Bryce


 * - Circa 1890-1900
 * - Jacob Chucian.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Path%20to%20the%20Ark%20.htm


 * - Circa 1902-1905
 * - George Hagopian.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/eyewitnesses.htm
 * - http://noahsark.it/Path%20to%20the%20Ark%20.htm


 * - Circa 1916-1917
 * - Russian Expedition. (e.g., Batov Fedor Frolovich)


 * - Circa 1943
 * - Ed Davis.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/eyewitnesses.htm
 * - http://noahsark.it/Path%20to%20the%20Ark%20.htm


 * - Circa 1952-1953
 * - Fernand Navarra.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Path%20to%20the%20Ark%20.htm


 * - Circa 1959
 * - Gregor Schqinghammer.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/eyewitnesses.htm
 * - http://noahsark.it/Path%20to%20the%20Ark%20.htm


 * - Circa 1973
 * - Ed Belhin.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/eyewitnesses.htm


 * - 2002
 * - Claudio Schranz.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/
 * - http://noahsark.it/Discovery%20Wooden%20Beam.htm

-


 * - Other:


 * - Oceanic ridges:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:World_Distribution_of_Mid-Oceanic_Ridges.gif


 * - Flightless bird, research on:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.surfbirds.com/sbirdsnews/archives/2010/02/birds_got_too_f.html


 * - "Creation biology"
 * - See:
 * - http://www.creationbiology.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=201240&module_id=37881
 * - Mount Ararat (Mount Masis, Agri Dagh) vs. Mount Judi.

-


 * - Replicas of Noah's Ark


 * - Hong Kong:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark_(Hong_Kong)
 * - http://www.noahsark.com.hk/eng/index.php


 * - Netherlands:
 * - "Half-scale".
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%27s_Ark
 * - "larger-size".
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan%27s_Ark#Large_version


 * - United States of America, Kentucky:
 * - See:
 * - https://arkencounter.com/
 * - http://www.christianpost.com/news/noahs-ark-theme-park-suffering-from-lack-of-donations-65996/

-


 * - Tomb of Noah?
 * - People have claimed a few different sites as the so-called tomb of Noah e.g., Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan and Cizre, Turkey and another in Karak Nuh, Lebanon. Just a fun fact.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_grave_monument_of_the_prophet_Noah.JPG

-


 * - More:


 * - Books.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Books.htm


 * - Eyewitnesses.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/eyewitnesses.htm


 * - Historical eyewitnesses.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Historical%20testimonies.htm


 * - Studies:
 * - Roberto Tiso and Azad Vartanian's studies.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/Studies_by_tiso%20eand%20vartanian.html


 * - Larry Stone.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.noahtherealstory.com/


 * - Angelo Palego's studies.
 * - See:
 * - http://noahsark.it/studies_by_palego.htm
 * - http://noahsark.it/ArmenyAcademy.jpg

Flood Legends From Around the World:

 * - There are thousands of flood legends exist all over the globe.


 * - All over the world people speak of an event with striking similarities to the Bible's accurate record of the Great flood - a real event in our human history. We are still learning more about certain cultures and their mythology and belief systems. Some cultures we know little to nothing about. Still we quite a number of records of many flood legends to begin with.


 * - Some of humanity's oldest writing, for example, some of the oldest Asiatic written records e.g., the Ancient Sumerian King List and epic of the Gilgamesh testify to a Global Flood.


 * - Critics may challenge that flood legends can offer corroborative evidence to the Bible's account. And some critics have asserted these numerous flood legends don't actually prove the Great flood happened. However, in fact, they lend very well to the Bible's factual record of the Flood as an event that happened. And this is what we would kind of expect to find too. The flood was a huge event in our human history. And it's interesting how a surprisingly large number of these flood legends are actually central to peoples' cultural belief systems (legends and mythologies) and their cultural identity, the belief of their origins. Quite a number of these flood legends indicate that only a few survived this Flood and ended up becoming the ancestors to the present population.


 * - Many share striking similarities
 * - For example consider how many tell of:


 * - A divine warning being given
 * - Flood sent by God
 * - Ship-vessel made
 * - Animals saved
 * - Destruction by water (universal destruction)
 * - Landed in/on mountains
 * - Creature/s sent out
 * - Survivor/s worship
 * - The origin of the peoples connect to after this catastrophic event


 * - Websites:
 * - http://www.essene.com/Bible/flood.htm#
 * - http://creationwiki.org/Flood_legends
 * - Disclaimer: <...>


 * - Philip Freud's book: Myths and Creation, describes some 500 stories about great deluge from 250 different tribes.
 * – (Genesis 11:9)


 * - Funfact:
 * - "Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Semitic, and Siberian legends depict the raven as a foreteller of storms or bad weather. Perhaps such legends had Noah and the Flood as their origin. The raven signifies life and creation in the legends of Siberia and is the creator-god of the Aboriginals in North America. In legends of Africa, Asia, and Europe, the raven portends death."
 * – the January 8th, 1997 Awake! Magazine, page 24.

- - - -
 * - Legends from around the world

- - - -
 * - Africa:


 * - Africa:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa


 * - Ancient Egypt:
 * - Egyptian book of the Dead.
 * - "People have become rebellious. Atum (or Tem) said he will destroy all he made and return the earth to the Primordial Water which was its original state. Atum (or Tem) will remain, in the form of a serpent, with Osiris." - [Faulkner, plate 30] (Unfortunately the version of the papyrus with the flood story is damaged and unclear. See also Budge, p. ccii.)
 * - Also see:
 * - Mercatante, A.S., Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend, Child & Associates Publishing, NSW, Australia, p. 613, 1988.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_dead
 * - See:
 * - (Sekhmet killed so many people the Nile river and the Ocean flooded)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor#Bloodthirsty_warrior
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet
 * - Check out these museums:
 * - The British Museum
 * - http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/cultures/africa/ancient_egypt.aspx
 * - The Egyptian Museum
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_Museum
 * - Nu
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu_(mythology)
 * - Nu holds up a solar boat occupied by eight deities (See: Ogdoad)


 * - Cameroon:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa


 * - Chad:
 * - See:
 * - Moussaye tribe:
 * - "Once upon a time, in a faraway place, there lived a family. One day, the mother of this family wanted to prepare a sumptuous meal for her loved ones. So she took her mortar and pestle to pound the grain into flour. At that time the sky was much closer than it is now. In fact, if you reached up with your hand, you could touch it. She pounded the grain with all her strength, and the millet she pounded quickly turned to flour. But as she pounded, the woman carelessly lifted the pestle too high, and she poked a hole in the sky! Immediately, a great quantity of water started falling to the earth. This was no ordinary rain. It rained for seven days and seven nights until the whole earth was covered with water. As the rain fell, the sky began to rise until it ended up where it is now—unreachably high. What a catastrophe for humanity! Since then, we have lost the privilege of touching the sky with our hands." – (The Watchtower, September 15, 1996 page. 25)


 * - Congo
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boa_people


 * - Congo
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luba-Kasai_language


 * - Congo, The Republic of Congo, Angola, Zaire:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kongo_people


 * - Kenya:
 * - The Kikuyu people.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kikuyu_people


 * - Kenya:
 * - The Nandi People
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandi_people


 * - Mandinka people of West Africa (Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Sierra Leone, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Burkina Faso, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Niger and Mauritania)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandinka_people


 * - Nigeria/Northern Cameroon:
 * - The Ekoi people
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekoi_people
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa


 * - Nigeria
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibibio_people


 * - Southwestern Africa:
 * - The Yoruba people
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoruba_people


 * - Tanzania:
 * - The Kwaya people, in the Mara Region of northern Tanzania, on the southeastern shore of Lake Victoria.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Africa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwaya_people


 * - Zulu:
 * - See:
 * - Fun-fact:
 * - (Oshunmare - Divine rainbow serpent associated with creation and procreation, the creator of Beer. – Wikipedia.)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oshunmare

-- - -
 * - Americas:

- - - -
 * - North America:


 * - Canada/U.S.A.
 * - Anishinaabe First Nation peoples, the story of Nanabozho (or Naniboujou) who saved the animals on a raft pre-dating European contact.
 * - The Anishinaabe peoples (Anishinaabeg people, an Algic people) Whose traditional territory in Modern Canadian provinces of Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec and the Modern U.S.A. states of: "Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anishinaabe-Anishinini_Map.PNG
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naniboujou
 * - http://www.potawatomiheritage.org/index.php/component/k2/item/145?show=show


 * - How do we know this an ancient story?


 * - Means of story preservation:
 * - Oral Traditions, including songs.
 * - See:
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs#Aadizookaan


 * - Frederick Waugh was an ethnologist who researched Anishinaabe (Ojibwe also known as Ojibwa) customs in 1916. He mentions the legendary character “Nanabojo” in some of his notebooks. And Frances Densmore's "Chippewa Customs" in 1925 wrote about Nanbozho as well.


 * - The telling of legend of Nanabozho speaks of (prophet) messenger sent by the Gichi Manitu (Meaning God. Literally, the "Great Spirit") named Nanabozho (meaning: white rabbit), shape-shifting trickster spirits, wicked "serpent" people (the antagonists in the story), during a period of quarreling and violence, Nanabozho was a divine messenger (like a prophet and preacher) who warned the people of their ways, people who scoffed at Nanabozho, Nanabozho constructs a wooden craft from a tree to survive the coming flood; Nanabozho puts the animals on it; preserving them in the process, a flooded earth, creatures sent to forge for earth (mud). Muskrat brings up some earth.)
 * - See:
 * - http://archives.cbc.ca/science_technology/unexplained/topics/1462-9703/
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Etn92Ms8plo


 * - Wisakedjak, Among the Northern Algonquian (Omàmiwininiwak) and the Dene First Nation people.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.anishinabenation.ca/eng/alg_history_en.htm
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisakedjak


 * - The Birch Scrolls (wiigwaasabakoon) (possibly other means including: copper, slate, pottery and other artifacts)
 * - Singular: Wiigwaasabak (plural: wiigwaasabakoon) in Midewiwin ceremonial usage: mide-wiigwaas. - ("ascribed to Nanabozho as its founder" – Wikipedia)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiigwaasabak
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midewiwin#Origins
 * - https://books.google.ca/books?id=YRB1Rne1Yz4C&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=nanabozho+pictograph&source=bl&ots=ZljdBtaxPU&sig=2LpA72LySZOn2ldjXbmLkiB11rE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDsQ6AEwCWoVChMIyejpxcCYxwIVRe-ACh05dwJU#v=onepage&q=nanabozho%20pictograph&f=false


 * - Glyphs - (e.g., Pictographs (pictoral drawings using pigment), Petroglyphs (rock carvings) as well as Story-hide and Birch Scrolls mentioned above.
 * - See:
 * - (The glyphs identified as Nanabozho (or Naniboujou, Nanabush) on Mazinaw Rock, at Bon Echo Provincial Park, Ontario. The site of the Mazinaw pictographs was designated as a National Historic Site of Canada in 1982.)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.ontarioparks.com/park/bonecho
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazinaw_Rock

in Woodview, Ontario, Canada, northeast of Peterborough, Ontario, Canada.
 * - The glyphs identified as Nanabozho (or Naniboujou, Nanabush) at "sacred site" known as “The Teaching Rocks” at Petroglyphs Provincial Park
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroglyphs_Provincial_Park
 * - http://www.ontarioparks.com/park/petroglyphs
 * - http://www.ontario-canada-travel.com/petroglyphs-provincial-park.html#.VcAT7vlViko
 * - http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/nanabozo/


 * - The Wampum bead belt system (e.g., "Seven Fire Prophecy" are a type of this kind of belt)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wampum
 * - http://aboriginalliving.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/Fleming_Anishinaabe-Great-Migration1.pdf


 * - Comparative analysis with other neighboring North–American First Nations (e.g., Haudenosaunee "Turtle-Island")


 * - See:
 * - Jaspar Dankaerts (The Journal of Jasper Dankaerts, 1679-1680) (Turtle Island and the Delaware First Nation)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaspar_Danckaerts


 * - Also See:


 * - Algonquian (Omàmiwinini (plural: Omàmiwininiwak/Anicinàpe) First Nation People
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algonquin_people


 * - The Cree First Nation, and the story of Wisakedjak.
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree


 * - Innu First Nation People
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innu


 * - The Menominee (Mamaceqtaw) First Nation People
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menominee


 * - The Wabanaki First Nation peoples: the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, Passamaquoddy, Abenaki and Penobscot and the The story of Glooscap.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Micmac
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glooscap

-


 * - Canada:
 * - The Cree First Nation people:
 * - Wīhsakecāhkw, "responsible for a great flood which destroyed the world originally made by the Creator"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisakedjak


 * - Canada:
 * - The Haida First Nation people:
 * - "Marius Barbeau of the Canadian Museum of Civilization collected a flood legend from Henry Young of Skidegate in 1947." – Civilization Museum.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.civilization.ca/cmc/exhibitions/aborig/haida/happr01e.shtml
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree


 * - Canada:
 * - The Innu First Nation people (also known as the: Montagnais (Messou) First Nation people)
 * - Mishaabooz and the Great Flood.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanabozho#Mishaabooz_name_variations
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innu


 * - '''Canada/U.S.A.(Alaska)/Russia/(Siberia)
 * - Inuit-Yupik.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#NorthAmerica
 * - 


 * - U.S.A. (Alaska)
 * - The Tlingit/Kolusches Native American First Nation People:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Tlingit
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000758?q=Tlingit&p=par
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlingit


 * - U.S.A. (Arizona)
 * - The Hopi First Nation people
 * - The Entrance into the Forth World after a World flood.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi_mythology#Entrance_into_the_Fourth_World
 * - http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/nam/hopi.html
 * - http://study.com/academy/lesson/hopi-indian-tribe-facts-history-culture.html
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiva
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Hopi
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopi


 * - U.S.A. (California)
 * - The Wiyot Native American First Nation and people.
 * - "The Wiyot tribe of California say that the condor recreated mankind after Above Old Man wiped humanity out with a flood." – Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_condor#Relationship_with_humans
 * - http://www.wiyot.us/
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiyot_people


 * - U.S.A. (Mississippi/Southeastern United States of America)
 * - The Choctaw Native American First Nation people.
 * - "men became so corrupt that the Great Spirit destroyed them in a flood. Only one man was saved—a prophet whose warnings the people disregarded, and whom the Great Spirit then directed to build a raft from sassafras logs. After many weeks, a small bird guided the prophet to an island where the Great Spirit changed the bird into a beautiful woman who became the wife of the prophet. Their children then repopulated the world" - Reference Morrison, W.B., Ancient Choctaw Legend of the Great Flood. – Source: http://creation.com/many-flood-legends#txtRef3
 * - Also See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2002160?q=Choctaw&p=par
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Choctaw
 * - http://creation.com/many-flood-legends#endRef6
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choctaw_mythology


 * - U.S.A. (New Mexico/Arizona)
 * - The Pueblo and Tohono O'odham (the term Papago, applied to them by conquistadores) Native American First Nation peoples.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montezuma_(mythology)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000758?q=Papago&p=par


 * - U.S.A. (North Dakota)
 * - "The Arikara Native American First Nation and People: Nishanu sends, the Great sky chief and creator sent a flood to destroy a race of wicked giants. Sparing a few individuals by planting into the ground as corn." The Watchtower January 15th, 1992 page 6.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arikara


 * - U.S.A. (North Dakota)
 * - The Mandan Native American First Nation people:
 * - The "Lone Man" and the Great Flood.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandan#Religion
 * - http://www.mythologydictionary.com/lone-man-mythology.html


 * - U.S.A. (Washington)
 * - The Yakima Native American First Nation people:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Yakima

- - - -
 * - Mesoamerica:


 * - Mexico: Western Mexico.
 * - Michoacan
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Tarascan
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_people


 * - Mexico: West Central Western Mexico.
 * - Huichol.
 * - An Huichol man was told by "Grandmother Nakawé, the Huichol goddess of earth and the vegetation, of an upcoming a great flood. She told him to make a box from a fig tree big enough for himself and a black female dog." - An article appears courtesy of the Chapala Review, a monthly Newspaper published in Ajijic, Jalisco, Mexico. The focus is the Lake Chapala area. The goal is to provide quality information about the area, its stories, events, history, culture and people.
 * - Also See: ([Gaster, pp. 122-123; Horcasitas, pp. 203-205])
 * - See:
 * - http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2612-how-the-huichol-indians-brought-their-art-to-lake-chapala
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Huichol


 * - Mexico: Central Western Mexico.
 * - Aztec (the Nahuas): Coxcox; Nata; Tapi and his woman named Xochiquetzal.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxcox
 * - See:
 * - The Codex Chimalpopoca.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Chimalpopoca
 * - Location of the codex: in the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia located in Mexico City under "Collección Antiguo no. 159".
 * - See:
 * - http://www.inah.gob.mx/
 * - Also See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tezcatlipoca
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxcox
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xochiquetzal
 * - Also See:
 * - http://www.godslaidbare.com/pantheons/aztec/nata-and-nena.php
 * - http://www.mythologydictionary.com/nata-mythology.html
 * - http://www.leyendasmexicanascortas.com/leyendas-cortas/nata-y-nene/


 * - Mexico: Central Western Mexico.
 * - Aztec (the Nahuas):
 * - The Giant Xelhua
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelhua


 * - Mexico: Central Western Mexico.
 * - Aztec (the Nahuas): "the five (eras) suns"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Suns
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalchiuhtlicue'


 * - Summary:


 * - 1) (Nahui-Ocelotl: "Jaguar Sun")
 * - 'An era the world was inhabited by Giants who were devoured by jaguars.' – Wikipedia. (Giant destroyed)


 * - 2) (Nahui-Ehécatl: "Wind Sun")
 * - Earth's inhabitants were transformed into monkeys. This world was destroyed by hurricanes – Wikipedia. (World destroyed by hurricanes)


 * - 3) (Nahui-Quiahuitl: "Rain Sun")
 * - Earth's inhabitants were destroyed by rain of fire. Only birds survived (or inhabitants survived by becoming birds). – Wikipedia. (World destroyed by "rain" of fire.)


 * - 4) (Nahui-Atl: "Water Sun")
 * - This world was flooded by Goddess Chalchiuhtlicue. " A couple escaped but were transformed into dogs." – Wikipedia. (World destroyed by a flood)


 * - 5) (Nahui-Ollin: Earthquake Sun)
 * - "We are the inhabitants of this world. This world will be destroyed by earthquakes (or one large earthquake)." – Wikipedia.


 * - Mexico:
 * - Toltec.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetzalcoatl#Attributes


 * - Guyana:
 * - Arawak
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2002160?q=Arawak&p=par
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Arawak


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_flood_myths

- - - -
 * - Central America:


 * - Guatemala:
 * - "Catholic bishop Las Casas wrote Guatemalan Indians “called it Butic, which is the word which means flood of many waters and means the final judgment, and so they believe that another Butic is about to come, which is another flood and judgment, not of water, but of fire." – From the book entitled: Mankind’s Search for God (published by Jehovah's Witnesses, Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas
 * - http://www.mesoweb.com/pari/publications/journal/701/Flood_e.pdf


 * - Central America:
 * - Caribs.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Carib
 * - 


 * - Central America:
 * - Quiché Maya
 * - The Quiché Maya (believed that a great rain serpent destroyed the world by torrents of water) According to Popol Vuh: "The third race of humans carved from wood were destroyed by a flood" – Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_flood_myths
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popol_Vuh
 * - http://sacred-texts.com/nam/pvuheng.htm
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27iche%27_people


 * - The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilam_Balam

- - - -
 * - South America


 * - Brazil/Peru:
 * - Chincha People.
 * - "In Peru the Chincha have a legend of a five-day flood that destroyed all men except one whom a talking llama led to safety on a mountain." – January 15, 1992 Watchtower page 7.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chincha_people


 * - Brazil:
 * - Tupinamba people of Brazil
 * - "The Tupinamba Indians of Brazil spoke of a time when a great flood drowned all their ancestors except those who survived in canoes or in the tops of tall trees." – January 15, 1992 Watchtower page 7.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#RiodeJaniero
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people


 * - Brazil:
 * - Cashinaua people of Brazil.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaxinaw%C3%A1_people


 * - Bolivia:
 * - Chiriguano
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000758?q=Chiriguano&p=par
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2002160?q=Chiriguano&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people


 * - Bolivia/Peru:
 * - Aymara
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aymara_people


 * - Bolivia/Peru and other places:
 * - Inca (Quechuas)
 * - "one Inca legend claims that the original Incas were flood survivors. The book Sociografia del Inkario states: “All the traditions of the people of the Andean altiplano speak of a flood that had submerged the whole earth.” According to one Inca legend, all living beings perished. However, another version speaks of some individuals "who, by hiding in a hollow up on a very high mountain peak, were saved and repopulated the earth." – The Watchtower January 22, 1992.
 * - "Paricia was a god who sent a flood to kill humans who did not respect him adequately. Possibly another name for Pacha Kamaq" – Wikipedia.
 * - Paria caca (or Paryaqaqa)
 * - "Unu Pachakuti is the name of a flood that Viracocha caused to destroy the people around Lake Titicaca, saving two to bring civilization to the rest of the world." – Wikipedia.
 * - "According to a myth recorded by Juan de Betanzos, Viracocha rose from Lake Titicaca (or sometimes the cave of Paqariq Tampu) during the time of darkness to bring forth light. He made the sun, moon, and the stars. He made mankind by breathing into stones, but his first creation were brainless giants that displeased him. So he destroyed it with a flood and made a new, better one from smaller stones. Viracocha eventually disappeared across the Pacific Ocean (by walking on the water), and never returned. He wandered the earth disguised as a beggar, teaching his new creations the basics of civilization, as well as working numerous miracles. He wept when he saw the plight of the creatures he had created." "It was thought that Viracocha would re-appear in times of trouble. Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa wrote that Viracocha was described as "a man of medium height, white and dressed in a white robe like an alb secured round the waist, and that he carried a staff and a book in his hands." In one legend he had one son, Inti, and two daughters, Mama Killa and Pachamama. In this legend, he destroyed the people around Lake Titicaca with a Great Flood called Unu Pachakuti, saving two to bring civilization to the rest of the world, these two beings are Manco Cápac, the son of Inti (sometimes taken as the son of Viracocha), which name means "splendid foundation", and Mama Uqllu, which means "mother fertility". These two founded the Inca civilization carrying a golden staff, called 'tapac-yauri'. In another legend, he fathered the first eight civilized human beings. In some stories, he has a wife called Mama Qucha."
 * - "In another legend, Viracocha had two sons, Imahmana Viracocha and Tocapo Viracocha. After the Great Flood and the Creation, Viracocha sent his sons to visit the tribes to the northeast and northwest to determine if they still obeyed his commandments. Viracocha himself traveled North. During their journey, Imaymana and Tocapo gave names to all the trees, flowers, fruits, and herbs. They also taught the tribes which of these were edible, which had medicinal properties, and which were poisonous. Eventually, Viracocha, Tocapo and Imahmana arrived at Cusco (in modern-day Peru) and the Pacific seacoast where they walked across the water until they disappeared. The word "Viracocha" literally means "Sea Foam." – Wikipedia.


 * - Wikipedia referenced Sources:
 * - Alan Kolata's Valley of the Spirits: a Journey into the Lost Realm of the Aymara (1996), pages 65-72
 * - Andrews, Tamra (2000). Dictionary of Nature Myths. Oxford University Press. p. 216. ISBN 0-19-513677-2.
 * - "Viracocha". Bloomsbury Dictionary of Myth. Bloomsbury Publishing Ltd., London. 1996. Retrieved 2009-02-10.
 * - Viracocha and the Coming of the Incas from "History of the Incas" by Pedro Sarmiento De Gamboa, translated by Clements Markham, Cambridge: The Hakluyt Society 1907, pp. 28-58.
 * - "Glossary, Inca Gods". First People of America and Canada - Turtle Island. Retrieved 2009-02-10.


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paricia
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unu_Pachakuti
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viracocha
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paryaqaqa
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2002160?q=quechua&p=par
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Quechua
 * - http://museoinka.unsaac.edu.pe/


 * - Colombia:
 * - Muisca people of Colombia
 * - "Legend has when the people forsook the teachings of Bochica, a flood was sent."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochica


 * - Ecuador: (provinces of Azuay & Cañar)
 * - Cañari
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Canari
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ari#Myth


 * - Peru:
 * - Indians of Huarochirí
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000758?q=Huarochir%C3%AD&p=par
 * - See:


 * - Peru:
 * - Uru Indians
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/s/r1/lp-e?q=uru&p=par
 * - See:


 * - South America:
 * - The Ona & Yahgan of Tierra del Fuego.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Yamana


 * - Chile:
 * - The Mapuche (Araucanians) people.
 * - The Legend of Trentren Vilu and Caicai Vilu and the Deluge.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legend_of_Trentren_Vilu_and_Caicai_Vilu
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilote_mythology
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapuche_religion
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Araucania

- - - -
 * - Asia:


 * - Asia:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Asia


 * - Japan
 * - Ainu people of Japan
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_creation_myth


 * - Andaman Islands:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puluga


 * - Chinese, China:
 * - Nüwa (" Depending on the source, she might be considered the second or even the first Chinese ruler, with most sources not putting her on the role, but only her brother and/or husband Fu Xi." - Wikipedia) and her spouse Fu Xi.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nüwa
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuxi
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoo-king)
 * - Liezi, Chapter 5 ("Questions of Tang")
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liezi
 * - Chu Chi, Chapter 3 ("Asking Heaven")
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu_Ci
 * - The Classic of Mountains and Seas (also known as: Shan Hai Jing)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shan_Hai_Jing


 * - Chinese, China:
 * - Yü the Great.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yu_the_Great
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_(China)
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#China


 * - Chinese, China:
 * - Magu.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magu_(deity)


 * - China/Vietnam:
 * - "till the waters reached the sky, and all living beings perished except two, a brother and a sister, who were saved in a huge chest. They took with them into the chest a pair of every sort of animal..." - Frazer, J.G., Folklore in the Old Testaments: Studies in Comparative Religon, Legend and Law (Abridged Edition), Avenel Books, New York, NY, USA, p. 107, 1988.
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahnar_people
 * - http://creation.com/many-flood-legends#endRef6
 * - 


 * - China:
 * - "The Thunder God's Revenge"
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_flood_and_procreation


 * - Indian:
 * - Manu, Hinduism.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satapatha_Brahmana
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sraddhadeva_Manu
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matsya
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortoise#In_religion
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Hindu


 * - Indian:
 * - Assam, Simte People.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simte_people
 * - http://www.simtepeople.com/#&panel1-3
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Assam


 * - Iranian:
 * - See:
 * - Source: Zend-Avesta
 * - "Old Persian traditions speak of a hero named Yima who carefully screened a thousand couples in good health and of good habits to share his three story deep "vara" or bunker lined with clay and equipped with underground streets while fires, floods, and earthquakes ravaged the earth." – http://biblefacts.org/creation/flood.html
 * - Disclaimer notes: Some critics challenge it as an actual flood legend.
 * - Also see:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zend
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Persian
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamshid#In_scripture


 * - Iranian:
 * - "According to the Vendidad, Ahura Mazda sent the clean waters of Vourukasha down to the earth in order to cleanse the world and sent the water back to the heavenly sea Puitika." – Wikipedia.
 * - Tishtrya
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_Mainyu
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tishtrya
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apaosha
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vourukasha


 * - Korea
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_mythology#Flood_myths


 * - Laos:
 * - Khun Borom Rachathirat
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khun_Borom


 * - Mongolia:
 * - Altaic ethnic group of Mongolia
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Altaic
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tengri
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bai-Ulgan
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkic_mythology
 * - http://www.nationalmuseum.mn/
 * - 
 * - 


 * - Mongolia:
 * - A traditional Mongolian tale of Hailibu the Hunter.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Altaic
 * - http://talesofwisdom.com/2009/11/hailibu-the-kindhearted-hunter-2/
 * - 


 * - Phlippines:
 * - The Igorot/Ifugao people of the Philippines
 * - "Only a brother and sister survived a Flood by taking refuge on Mount Pokis" – The Watchtower January 15, 1992 on page 7.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igorot_people
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifugao
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Polis
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagada
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Ifugao


 * - Thailand:
 * - Lisu and Hmong tribes. 
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_tribe_(Thailand)
 * - Also See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Kammu

- - - -
 * - Austr-Polynesia:


 * - Australian Aboriginal
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Australia
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Belief_systems
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology


 * - Australia
 * - The Gunai or Kurnai, often now referred to as the Gunaikurna people of Australia.
 * - The tale of Tiddalik the Frog legend and Borun, the pelican Legend.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiddalik
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruatapu
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81whaki#Flood_myth
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Kurnai
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunai
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunai#Creation_story


 * - Malaysia
 * - The Temuan People.
 * - The Temuan Flood legend.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temuan#Flood_Legend


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%27u
 * - http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780192177476.001.0001/acref-9780192177476
 * - http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/hm/hm24.htm

- - - -
 * - Europe:


 * - Europe:
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion#Flood_myth
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Europe


 * - Finland:
 * - Väinämöinen
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4in%C3%A4m%C3%B6inen


 * - Greece:
 * - Dardanus, ancient Greek mythology
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dardanus


 * - Greece:
 * - Deucalion, ancient Greek mythology
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deucalion#Etymology' - (sweet (new wine?) + seaman?)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths
 * - The works of Critias and Timaeus of ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician Plato (the 5th and 4th century B.C.E.)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critias_(dialogue)#Content


 * - See:
 * - The "ages of man," by the Greek poet Hesiod's Works and Days (circa 700 B.C.E.).
 * - Golden: (Antediluvian Eden-like conditions) "these humans were said to live among the gods, and freely mingled with them. Peace and harmony prevailed during this age. Humans did not have to work to feed themselves, for the earth provided food in abundance." - Wikipedia.
 * - Silver (Antediluvian conditions - post-Eden) "During this Age men refused to worship the gods " - Wikipedia.
 * - Bronze: (Antediluvian conditions - post-Eden) "their arms and tools forged of bronze," "The men of this Age were undone by their own violent ways and left no named spirits; instead, they dwell in the "dank house of Hades". This Age came to an end with the flood of Deucalion."
 * - Heroic: "These humans were created from the bones of the earth (stones) through the actions of Deucalion and Pyrrha."
 * - Iron: "Hesiod finds himself in the Iron Age."
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man


 * - Greece: Ogyges, Greek mythology.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogyges#The_deluge_of_Ogyges


 * - Italian:
 * - Roman
 * - Ovid's poetry, Metamorphoses (1st Century C.E.).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovid
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamorphoses
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ages_of_Man


 * - Norway:
 * - "Ragnarök", Norse mythology.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir


 * - Norse:
 * - Bergelmir, Norse mythology. – (Although: "Scholars John Lindow and Carolyne Larrington agree that the Prose Edda account of the flood borrowed from Judeo-Christian tradition of Noah's Ark" Wikipedia).
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymir
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edda


 * - Finland:
 * - "Väinämöinen attempts a heroic feat that results in a gushing wound, the blood from which covers the entire earth." – Wikipedia.
 * - “The Finnish Kalevalametric runes (oral folk poems) about Väinämöinen and his wound may be connected with flood myths. I’ll include here a variant of the poem, a translation into English and a short commentary, all from the book Finnish Folk Poetry: Epic: an Anthology in Finnish and English / edited and translated by Matti Kuusi, Keith Bosley, Michael Branch (Finnish Literature Society, 1977).


 * - Folklorist Martti Haavio has written an article on the subject, but unfortunately only in Finnish: Haavio, Martti: Naainas. In: Kalevalaseuran vuosikirja 43 (1963), pp. 53-96.


 * - According to Haavio the oldest literary records of these folk poems/runes (Wound) are in:
 * - Christianus Erici Lencqvist’s dissertation – 1782.
 * - Christfrid Ganander’s Mythologia Fennica – 1789.
 * - Most recorded variants of these poems were collected in the 19th century. But the runes themselves are naturally much older.
 * - Dating them is very difficult, though. There are different theories. According to folklorist Matti Kuusi these poems of belong to the early period of Kalevalaic poetry, to the period well before the Middle Ages.”
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergelmir
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_flood_myth
 * - https://bay172.mail.live.com/mail/ViewOfficePreview.aspx?messageid=mgTF8DsmBK5RGT6Ww75afb0g2&folderid=flinbox&attindex=0&cp=-1&attdepth=0&n=28739574


 * - Welsh people of Wales, United Kingdom:
 * - Dwyfan and Dwyfach (Is there pre-Christian records of this legend?).
 * - "The lake of Llion burst, flooding all lands. Dwyfan and Dwyfach escaped in a mastless ship with pairs of every sort of living creature. They landed in Prydain (Britain) and repopulated the world." - Source: [Gaster, pp. 92-93] (Gaster, Theodor H. Myth, Legend, and Custom in the Old Testament, Harper & Row, New York, 1969. (Most of the flood stories in this work are taken from Frazer, 1919.)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwyfan_and_Dwyfach
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afanc
 * - http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198609674.001.0001/acref-9780198609674-e-1693
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Welsh


 * - Hungary/Russia:
 * - Ugrian people taught "that flood survivors used rafts but drifted to different parts of the earth." – The Watchtower January 15, 1992 on page 7.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugrians


 * - Russia:
 * - The Mansi people (obsolete: Voguls) of Western Siberia.
 * - "After seven years of drought, the Great Woman said to the Great Man that rains had come elsewhere; how should they save themselves. The Great Man counseled the other giants to make boats from cut poplars, anchor them with ropes of willow roots 500 fathoms long, and provide them with seven days of food and with pots of melted butter to grease the ropes. Those who did not make all the preparations perished when the waters came. After seven days, the waters sank. But all plants and animals had perished, even the fish. The survivors, on the brink of starvation, prayed to the great god Numi-târom, who recreated living things." [Gaster, pp. 93-94]
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansi_people
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Vogul
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Num-Torum
 * - 
 * - Russia:
 * - The Soyot people of Siberia, Russia:
 * - "A giant frog, which was supporting the earth, moved and caused the globe to be flooded. An old man and his family survived on a raft he had made. When the water receded, the raft grounded on a high mountain." – The Watchtower January 15, 1992 on page 7.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soyot
 * - 
 * - Russia:
 * - Samoyedic peoples of Northern Siberia, Russia
 * - "Seven people were saved in a boat from a flood. A terrible draught followed the flood, but the people were saved by digging a deep hole in which water formed. However, all but one young man and woman died of hunger. These two saved themselves by eating the mice which came out of the ground. The human race is descended from this couple." - [Holmberg, pp. 367-368]
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Samoyed
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samoyedic_peoples
 * - 
 * - Russia:
 * - The Yenisey-Ostyak speaking people of North Central Siberia, Russia.
 * - "Flood waters rose for seven days. Some people and animals were saved by climbing on floating logs and rafters. A strong north wind blew for seven days and scattered the people, which is why there are now different peoples speaking different languages" - [Holmberg, p. 367]
 * - See:
 * - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html#Yenisey
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniseian_languages#Family_division
 * - 
 * - Russia:
 * - The Kamchadals people of Northeast Siberia, Russia:
 * - "A flood covered the whole land in the early days of the world. A few people saved themselves on rafts made from bound-together tree trunks. They carried their property and provisions and used stones tied to straps as anchors to prevent being swept out to sea. They were left stranded on mountains when the waters receded." - [Holmberg, p. 368; Gaster, p. 100]
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamchadals
 * - Russia:
 * - Buryat People of Eastern Siberia, Russia:
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buryats

- - - -
 * - Near/Middle East:


 * - Ancient Mesopotamian:
 * - Akkadian: Atra-Hasis ("exceedingly wise") or Utnapishtim (in The Epic of Gilgamesh).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atra-Hasis
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow#Religious_Belief
 * - Instructions of Shuruppak


 * - Housed at: The National Museum of Iraq in Baghdad? (Looted?)
 * - http://www.iraqmuseum.org/
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instructions_of_Shuruppak
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_creation_myth
 * - See:


 * - Pennsylvania Museum: Object B10673
 * - See:
 * - http://www.penn.museum/collections/object/97591
 * - "Cuneiform tablet with the Atrahasis Epic"
 * - Housed at: The British Museum, Room 55 (ME 78941)
 * - Item originally from a site at: Sippar, southern Iraq.
 * - http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/galleries/middle_east/room_56_mesopotamia.aspx
 * - http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/me/c/cuneiform_the_atrahasis_epic.aspx


 * - The Flood Tablet, relating part of the Epic of Gilgamesh
 * - Housed at: The British Museum, Room 56 (ME K3375)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.britishmuseum.org/visiting/floor_plans_and_galleries.aspx?s=room-55
 * - The British Museum, (Museum number: K.3375)
 * - http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=309929&partId=1


 * - Ancient Mesopotamian:
 * - Ziusudra, (Sumerian legend).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziusudra
 * - http://www.kplctv.com/story/24565710/ancient-tablet-describes-ark-of-great-flood-as-round
 * - http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/2014/01/27/4000-year-old-tablet-noahs-ark
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2753211/Noah-s-Ark-revealed-Scaled-replica-based-4000-year-old-tablet-s-instructions-build-hand-India.html
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumerian_King_List


 * - Epic of Gilgamesh vs. the Bible's account of Noah: "Although the Bible does not specify the exact length of time Noah spent building the ark, the account allows for construction that took 50 or 60 years. Genesis 5:32; 7:6 These factors stand in stark contrast with the well-known story found in the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. The (one version of the) epic describes a massive, ungainly (non-seaworthy) cube (which would have repeatedly flipped over) some 200 feet [60 m] on each side that was built in only seven days. Unlike that Babylonian legend, the Bible’s Deluge account engenders confidence in its accuracy." - The Awake February 08, 1997, page 27. (brackets mine)

- - - -
 * - Flavius Josephus' references:

in Chapter 3, (Paragraph 6)
 * - Flavius Josephus (Yosef ben Matityahu) was a Levite priest and Jewish scholar, he references the writings of the following to support his belief in the flood:
 * - 1) Berossus (Bel-Reushu) the Chalden's writing (circa 290-278 B.C.E.).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berossus
 * - The Flood Legend with the man Xisuthrus (Zi-ud-sura and Zin-Suddu) building an ark vessel.
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziusudra
 * - Berossus is quoted by Abydenus, Apollodorus, Lucius Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor (of Miletus), Flavius Josephus (Yosef ben-Matityahu), Georgius Syncellus, Eusebius of Caesarea.
 * - Abydenus (Circa 200 B.C.E.) Author of “History of the Chaldeans and Assyrians” fragments are preserved by Eusebius in his Praeparatio Evangelica, and by Cyril of Alexandria in his work against Julian and by Syncellus.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abydenus
 * -  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praeparatio_evangelica
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria
 * - Apollodorus - (Circa 180 B.C.E. – after 120 B.C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens
 * - Lucius Cornelius Alexander Polyhistor (of Miletus) - (50 B.C.E)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Polyhistor
 * - http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af02.htm
 * - Flavius Josephus (Yosef ben-Matityahu) (circa 110 C.E.), in the Book One of “Jewish Antiques” (Also known as “Anitques of the Jews”)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus
 * - http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/flavius-josephus/antiquities-jews/book-1/chapter-3.html
 * - http://sacred-texts.com/jud/josephus/ant-1.htm
 * - Flavius Josephus said Berossus alluded to Abram (later named: Abraham).
 * - http://www.biblestudytools.com/history/flavius-josephus/antiquities-jews/book-1/chapter-7.html
 * - Eusebius (circa 325 C.E)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eusebius
 * - Georgius Syncellus (Circa 810 C.E),
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Syncellus
 * - 2) Hieronymus the Egyptian.
 * - See:
 * - 3) Mnaseas.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnaseas
 * - 4) Nicolaus of Damascus. (in his 96th book.)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus#References
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_of_Damascus#References

- - - -
 * - Apocalyptic Pseudepigrapha literature:


 * - The so-called "Book of Enoch" (Enoch 1)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Enoch
 * - The so-called "Book of Noah"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Noah
 * - The "Book of Jubilees"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees
 * - The "Book of Giants"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Giants

- - - -
 * - The Flood, The List of Mount and Places:


 * - Mount Ararat
 * - (39°43'1.60"N 44°17'28.72"E)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ararat)
 * - Malaya Mountains (Malaya Mountains)
 * - (8°27'19.22"N 76°57'18.58" E)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaya_Mountains
 * - Mount Konokti
 * - (38°58'28.35"N 122°45'58.57" W)
 * - Mount Niitakayama
 * - (23°28'12.00"N 120°57'26.16" E)
 * - Mount Parama Kamboja
 * - (38°14'17.72"N 72°22'49.16" E) probably

- - - -
 * - Africa:


 * - Atlas mountains:
 * - (31°59'55.13"N 1°59'59.13" W)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_mountains
 * - Egypt: Legend of Osiris (Mythological Egyptian deity of the dead), Hathor (Mythological Egyptian deity protector of tombs of the dead)

- - - -
 * - Americas:


 * - North: Keddie Peak, in the Sacramento Valley.
 * - Central:
 * - South:

-- --
 * - Asia:


 * - Mount Ararat (Judaism/Christianity)
 * - Evidently (39°43'1.62"N 44°17'28.72" E)
 * - Mount Gerizim
 * - (32°12'4.48"N 35°16'24.94" E)
 * - (Samaritanism: influenced from the Biblical account)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerizim
 * - Mount Judi: (&#1580;&#1608;&#1583;&#1610) 37°22'28.16"N 42°28'16.04" E (Islam: influenced from the Biblical account)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Judi
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Marapi
 * - Mount Kailash: (31.066667, 81.312500) (the Bön faith, certain branches of Hinduism, certain branches of Buddhism, Jain)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kailash
 * - Mount Nisir (Babylonians)
 * - (35°32'26.96"N 45°26'12.41" E)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nisir

- - - -
 * - Australia/Polynesia:


 * - Australia: (An Aboriginal nation of Australia)
 * - Mount Broome
 * - (17°21'0.12"S 125°23'0.02" E)

-


 * - Australia:
 * - Mount Dromedary
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gulaga

-


 * - Fiji:
 * - Mount Mbengha.

-


 * - Hawaii:
 * - Mount Mauna Kea
 * - See:
 * -https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauna_Kea
 * - (19°49'14.39"N, 155°28′5.04" W)

- - - -
 * - Europe:


 * - Mount Ida
 * - (39°41'59.47"N 26°50'0.04")
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida

-


 * - Mount Gerania
 * - (38°1′33″N, 23°2′38″E)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gerania

-


 * - Mount Othrys
 * - (39° 1'0.92"N 22°42'35.00" E)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othrys

-


 * - Mount Parnassus
 * - (38°31'58.65"N 22°37'0.14" E)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Parnassus

- - - -
 * - The Flood, Celebrations Possibly Connected To: ==


 * - Americas:
 * - Mesoamerica: Day of the Dead.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Day_of_the_Dead
 * - Europe:
 * - Samhain – November 1.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain
 * - All-Saints days (Pope Gregory III (731-741 C.E.) – Number 1.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day
 * - All Souls’ Day – November 2 (monks of Cluny, France).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day

-


 * - Halloween – October 31.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween

- - - -
 * - Middle-East:
 * - Mesopatamia:
 * - See:
 * - Marcheshwan.

-


 * - Iran:
 * - Mordad.

-


 * - Israel:
 * - Heshvan (Bul): The month follows the month of the nation of ancient Israel’s secular New Year. Corresponds to October—November.

-


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival_of_the_dead


 * - See:
 * - https://www.icr.org/article/noah-human-etymology

After The Flood, Babel and the Post-Flood world:
"The fact the epicenter of world population growth comes out, in the Modern world, comes out of the Black Sea and Capsian Sea area that area of Europe, Asian steppes area between those two bodies of water. Which just happens to the Urartu mountains range, "the Mountains of Ararat" where Noah and his family landed. So the Bible nails the global epicenter distribution. That's not a coincidence!" – Steve Collins, an archaeologist and a professor with the College of Archaeology at Trinity Southwest University in Albuquerque, New Mexico.


 * - Quote source material:
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1iqbJMXv-w (4:36-5:25)


 * - Anthropology:


 * - Archaeology:
 * - Ancient agricultural studies and the domestication of dogs.


 * - Linguistics (language):


 * - Linguistic theory: Indo-European and Semitic languages.
 * - Linguistic fossils: Proto-Elamite and Sumerian and Chinese (Xi'an and Henan).
 * - Possible Proto-Languages leaving Babel:
 * - Proto-Indo-European. - See: The Kurgan hypothesis.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurgan_hypothesis
 * - Proto-Semitic.
 * - Proto-Dené–Caucasian, it's status is still debated. - (Includes a lot of language isolates)
 * - Proto-Austronesian.
 * - Nilo-Saharan.


 * - Possibly of interest:
 * - Dmanisi skull (less the 200 kilometres from Mount Ararat)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmanisi_skull_5


 * - Genetics:
 * - Out of Africa or Out of Babel?


 * - Conclusion: Correlation between genetics and linguistics:
 * - http://creation.mobi/the-tower-of-babel-account-affirmed-by-linguistics


 * - Questions:
 * - How many haplogroups left Babel?
 * - How many languages left Babel?
 * - Language families spread, migration and development. Compared with: genetic analysis of gene families spread, migration and development. What are algorithms can we find? Linguistics (Linguistic fossils, Linguistic theories, understanding language diversity, genetics, comparing models)


 * - Anthropology indicates: archeological studies, linguistics, biological studies (genetics), cultural and religious are pointing in the same hot spots as found in the Biblical record.


 * - How tall could the tower of Babel have been? Hypothetical discussion from scientific angle minus the impracticality, just how big could they have made the tower with:


 * - 1) Baked brick in a pyramid style
 * - 2) The know how
 * - 3) Limitless supply
 * - 4) The manpower.


 * - See:
 * - (http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NwdSyACPkmQ) (start 0:00 till 10:56)


 * - See: the ancient Armenian winery, archaeological site.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areni-1_winery


 * - Could mean they migrated eastward through from what is now Iran into Iraq? The "land of Nimrod" in Nimrod’s kingdom located in the plain of Shinar. - Micah 5:6.


 * - Nimrod
 * - Also see:
 * - Anu
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An
 * - Bel
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel_(mythology)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belus_(Assyrian)
 * - Dumuzid the Shepherd
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd
 * - Enmerkar (Possibly Sumerian, "Lord Hunter")
 * - Euechoros (scholars have suggested is Enmerkar)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmerkar
 * - Enki ((Possibly Sumerian, "Lord of earth")
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki
 * - Marduk
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk
 * - Nimrod
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod
 * - Ninus (Greek suffix -us)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninus
 * - Ninurta (Sumerian, "Lord of barley")
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninurta
 * - Orion
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(mythology)
 * - Orion (constellation)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(constellation)


 * - Armenian Legends
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayk#Folklore
 * - Mount Nemrut southeastern Turkey
 * - 37°58′54″N, 38°44′28″E
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Nemrut


 * - The City of Calah (Kalhu), also known in more mordern times as Nimrud
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud


 * - The Nemrut Volcano in Turkey
 * - 38°39′0″N, 42°13′48″E
 * - Eastern Turkey, close to Lake Van
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemrut_(volcano)


 * - Babel: (to Confuse)
 * - Babylon
 * - 32°32′11″N 44°25′15″E
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Babel
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
 * - Eridu candiate for Babel. (An interesting theory)
 * - 30°48′57″N, 45°59′46″E
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II


 * - Erech:
 * - 30°57'45.68"N 46°6'11.32" E
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruk


 * - Accad/Akkad:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkad
 * - 33°5'60.00"N 44°5'60.00" E?


 * - Calneh:
 * - 36°5'57.00"N 43°19'39.00" E?.
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calneh


 * - Land of Shinar: (Shinar: Sanhar of the Amarna letters?)
 * - Shinar might be a corruption of or a contraction of the Hebrew words: Shene + nahar(im) meaning two rivered or two river(s). Compare with the phrase in the 60th Psalm "Aram-naharaim" meaning Aram's rivers; naharaim/naharoth is the plural and nahar in the singular. This could make sense since is spoken of as the plain of Shinar. However other alternative suggestions exist one suggests it might a contraction of Shene + 'arim meaning two cities or the Hebrew word for Sumer.
 * - Nimrod's Kingdom seems to have controlled a region about the size of the country Iraq under the control of which Saddam Hussein
 * - Comparing the terms Aram-naharaim and Shinar: Genesis 4:10 (Northern Mesopotamia) Deuteronomy 23:4; Judges 3:8, Psalm 60. "In a narrower sense, however, Babylonia is excluded, only the region to the N being termed Mesopotamia. This northern region consists of a low undulating plateau having numerous enclosed basins. It is also a rocky area." - Insight on the scriptures, volume two, Mesopotamia, pages 384-385.
 * - Shinʻar might also be a Hebraic form for Akkadian Shuʻmer/Shuʻmeru. It not uncommon for the letter mem (m) to be switched with the letter and sound for nun (n) in Hebrew.
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinar


 * - Nineveh:
 * - 36°21′34″N 43°09′10″E
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineveh


 * - Rehoboth-Ir: (Broad Places (or Public Squares) of the City)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboth_(Bible)


 * - Calah:
 * - 36°5′53.49″N 43°19′43.57″E
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrud_lens


 * - Resen:
 * - 36°18′13″N 43°24′46″E?
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resen_(Bible)


 * - Also see (The Epic of the Gilgamesh):
 * - Shuruppak
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuruppak


 * - E-Abzu (Abyss)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abzu
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89_(temple)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki


 * - Abyss
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyss_(religion)
 * - Luke 8:31; Revelation 9:1, 2, 11; 11:7; 17:8; 20:1-3


 * - Aquifer
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifer


 * - Eridu

Sodom and Gomorrah

 * - Cities:
 * - Sodom, Gomorrah, Admah, Zeboiim, "near Lasha" (traditionally identified with Callirrhoe, on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea.)


 * - Genesis
 * - Deuteronomy
 * - Isaiah
 * - Jeremiah
 * - Lamentations
 * - Ezekiel'
 * - Amos
 * - Matthew
 * - Luke
 * - Romans
 * - Jude
 * - 2 Peter
 * - Revelation


 * - Proposed sites:
 * - The Northern Hypothesis:
 * - Tell el-Hammam
 * - Steve Collins identified the ruins of Tell el-Hammam, in Modern-day Jordan as the Biblical city of Sodom.
 * - Geographical:
 * - Lot raised his eyes and saw (the location is visible from Bethel and A'i)
 * - The "Whole district" (Kikkar) or "plain" literally round flat disc (word pictures: metal rounded into ancient coin, or a round bread like a pita or a tortilla)
 * - Well-watered region:
 * - "Like the garden of Jehovah" (the garden of Eden) - (river water)
 * - "Like Egypt" - (River water)
 * - Had a gate.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.tallelhammam.com/
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Collins_(archaeologist)
 * - http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/biblical-city-of-sodom-found-in-jordan-a6693576.html
 * - http://geekychristian.com/evidence-sodom-is-tall-el-hammam/


 * - The Southern Hypothesis:


 * - Bab edh-Dhra
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bab_edh-Dhra


 * - Numeira
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numeira


 * - Es-Safi
 * - Feifeh
 * - Khanazir


 * - And El-Lisan, Jordan.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2008/04/the-discovery-of-the-sin-cities-of-sodom-and-gomorrah.aspx


 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece#References
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretan_pederasty
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pederasty

-


 * - Traditional site of Lot's cave:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.archaeology.co.uk/first-five-years/jordan-lots-cave-and-monastery.htm
 * - 31° 2'48.29"N  35°30'9.35"E
 * - Post-Flood World:

Early post-flood technology, culture and "achievements"

 * - Reference to man-made fire: Genesis 8:20
 * - Reference to a (post-flood) Law code: Genesis 9:1-7.
 * - Reference to (post-flood) agriculture: Genesis 9:20.
 * - Vine culture: vineyard, wine making: 'Genesis 9:20.
 * - First reference to alcohol intoxication: Genesis 9:24.


 * - Archery: Genesis 21:20
 * - Birth-right: Genesis 14:18.
 * - Clothing: Genesis 24:53.
 * - Cooking: Genesis 14:18; 18; 25:29-33.
 * - Construction: City building. - Genesis 10:11.
 * - Domestic dogs: - Job 30:1
 * - Gold jewelry: - Genesis 13:2; 24:22, 30, 47.
 * - Government. - Genesis 10, 11.
 * - Warfare. - Evidence seems to indicate Nimrod empire would came through bloodshed. - Genesis 10:8, 22; 1 Chronicles 1:10.
 * - Kilning. - "...Let us make bricks and bake them with a burning process..." Genesis 11:3a. (The New World Translation) this was possibly a ante-diluvian innovation.
 * - Hunting. - "He displayed himself a mighty hunter" footnote: Literally meaning, “mighty one in hunting.” Genesis 10:9. (New World Translation)


 * - Mortar - "...So brick served as stone for them, but bitumen served as mortar for them." Genesis 11:3b. (The New World Translation)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen#Ancient_times


 * - Mythology. - Logically myth-making was in motion very early on: 1. Noah's descendants were not united; divide in belief. 2. Oral tradition was shpaed by opinion would also shape people varying belief systems. 3. Nimrod's rebellion reveals how much division in the belief system had already occurred. 4. The motivate for building the tower. 5. Ignorance, people would have lacked accurate knowledge and understanding of pure worship, quickly try to fill the gap with their superstitious beliefs.


 * - Camel: Genesis 12:16.
 * - Cattles: Genesis 12:16. - (See: Did Abraham Really Own Camels? June 15, 2011, The Watchtower.)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2014/02/17/The-Date-of-Camel-Domestication-in-the-Ancient-Near-East.aspx#Article
 * - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2009/03/02/Bronze-Age-Camel-Petroglyphs-In-The-Wadi-Nasib2c-Sinai.aspx'
 * - Sheep raising (post-flood): Genesis 12:16.
 * - Asses: Genesis 12:16; 13:5; 15:9.
 * - Footwear: Genesis 14:23.
 * - Scales: Genesis 23:15, 16.
 * - Footnote: references to Holy bible are used in the proceedings.
 * - Headdress/headcover: Genesis 38:65
 * - Honey: Genesis 43:11
 * - Horses: Genesis 49:17, Job 39:19-25.
 * - Butter: Genesis 18:6.
 * - Baking pastry (post-flood): Genesis 14:18; 18:6.
 * - Cheese: Job 10:10.
 * - Rope-making: Job 41:1


 * - Writing (Early references to writing In the bible)
 * - (Passages probably, alluding to writing: Genesis 38:18, 25 time: circa 1750 B.C.E, “seal ring,” Genesis 41:42, “signet ring,” time: 1737 B.C.E.) Job 19:23, 24; 31:35 - time period written circa 1613.


 * - (Dates mentioned are based on the study of Biblical chronology, as presented in the book entitled: “All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial,” published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.)


 * - History of the alphabet:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/uncategorized/raineys-response/


 * - Usage of flint:


 * - "From very early times knives, axe heads chisels, spearheads, arrowheads, and other tools and weapons have been fashioned out of this rock." - Insight on the Scriptures, Volume One.


 * - Job 28:9 - (merely mentions the rock).
 * - Deuteronomy 8:15 - (merely mentions the rock).
 * - Exodus 4:25 - "..."took a flint and circumcised her son" - NWT 2013 Edition.


 * - Joshua 4:19; 5:2, 3, 8, 9.
 * - E.g., - Joshua 5:2 "Literally, “daggers (swords) of rock.” Heb., charevohth tsurim." - taken from the New World Translation Reference 1984 edition, footnote.

-


 * - The language confusion was a major technological setback to ancient humankind.
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 11:6.
 * - Tower of Babel
 * - King Nebuchadnezzar is reported said, “I raised the summit of the Tower of stages at Etemenanki so that its top rivalled the heavens.” One fragment relates the fall of such a ziggurat in these words: “The building of this temple offended the gods. In a night they threw down what had been built. They scattered them abroad and made strange their speech. The progress they impeded. (paraphrased from: the All Scriptures Inspired book).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etemenanki
 * - The same Nebuchadnezzar, but king Nebuchadnezzar was only restoring an older temple (called in ancient times E-temen-an-ki). Also a pattern exists in describing the tower as well. - Compare Genesis 11:4; Jeremiah 51:53.
 * - See: the so-called "Tower of Babel" Stele:
 * - http://www.schoyencollection.com/history-collection-introduction/babylonian-history-collection/tower-babel-stele-ms-2063
 * - http://www.schoyencollection.com/pre-gutenberg-printing/21-1-blind-on-clay-gold/ms-1815-1-tower-babel-brick
 * - http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/12831/
 * - Also a text of Skarkalisharri, king of Agade (Accad) in time of the biblical patriarchal era, mentions him restoring a temple-tower at Babylon, implying that such a structure existed prior to his reign. (Bible and Spade, by S. L. Caiger, 1938, p. 29)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shar-Kali-Sharri
 * - The Ziggurat located at Uruk (the Biblical: Erech) was built with clay, and bricks, as well as asphalt (bitumen).
 * - Compare: Genesis 11:1-9. (Clay bricks and bitumen)
 * - Usage of salt:
 * - Leviticus 2:13.
 * - Usage of scarecrows.
 * - Jeremiah 10:5.


 * - http://www.smb.museum/museen-und-einrichtungen/pergamonmuseum/home.html

-


 * - Chinese characters:
 * - Disclaimer: I am not a Chinese scholar and some if not all associations may be coincidencial.
 * - Ban/prohibit/forbid/inhibit/interdict:
 * - (禁) Forest (two trees) (林) + <...>.
 * - Covetous/greedy/ avarice:
 * - (婪) Forest (two trees) (林) + woman (女).
 * - Create:
 * - (造)? speak + dirt + life + walk.
 * - '''Demon/Devil/fiend/evil spirit/Satan/daemon:"
 * - (惡魔).
 * - Blessing/good fortune/bliss
 * - (福).
 * - Flood
 * - (洪).
 * - Forbidden:
 * - (被禁止) Forest (two trees) (林) + God.
 * - Garden
 * - (園).
 * - Garden/park/landscape garden
 * - (園林) garden + forest (two trees).
 * - Nude:
 * - (裸體) clothing + tree + garden.
 * - Righteous/just/upright/moral
 * - (義) sheep (羊) + hand (手).
 * - Ship/boat/vessel
 * - (船) vessel + eight + mouth/people - (1 Peter 3:20)
 * - Tempter:
 * - (secret + man + garden + alive) = devil + two trees + over = tempter)
 * - Tower:
 * - (塔) grass (草) + mouth.

- - - -
 * - The Flood vs. An "Ice Age?"


 * - Read:
 * - Genesis 8:4; 11:31, 32; 12:4, 5; 28-29 and Acts 7:2-4
 * - Turkey (especially in and around Şanlıurfa) seems to be one of the earliest places of human inhabitant after the flood.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harran
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa
 * - See:
 * - Apples, cherries, chickpeas, rye, emmer Wheat, einkorn wheat listed below.


 * - To be honest I am kind of sick of The cliche phrase: "hunter-gathers".
 * - There is perpetuated idea that some almost "20,000" years ago
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age
 * - (varies depending on who you ask; secular opinion from my observation seems to roughly range anywhere 70,000-10,000 years) earth had an "ice age."
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_age#Evidence_for_ice_ages
 * - And there is the perpetuated "ice age" stereotypes as well e.g., that all these peoples were crude "hunter-gathers" forging for food in some cold tundra landscape (generally living in caves) draped in animal fur.


 * - Dates for the "ice age/-s" are based on ice levels? ''Really?!? This means the dates are conjecture! Think about it: snow drifts, wind blows, ice melts and water freezes. It is an absurd way to date things!
 * - In contrast, according to the Bible, most people after the Great World Flood (when the earth's climate ... had become drastically different and cooler, roughly some 4,400 years) (Genesis 2:5, 6) were anything from crude. Maybe some led a 'simple' life but they were not necessary any more crude.


 * - Modern archaeological finds challenges the idea these ancient peoples were crude "hunter-gathers." Mammoths died off much later then originally thought.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth


 * - And we should be asking ourselves are the "experts" fairly accessing the findings? When they find something extremely old which is less elaborate are they the work of the "crude" "hunter-gather" just because?


 * - We should be asking ourselves as well were these people really just "hunter-gathers" foraging around for food and stuff (longer-time frame) or were they migrating (a potentially faster time frame).
 * - Past "ice ages" (or period) - Genesis 1:2?


 * - See:
 * - http://www.ctvnews.ca/sci-tech/ancient-high-arctic-camel-offers-climate-change-clues-1.1182043
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellesmere_Island#Paleontology

- - - -
 * - Post-Flood – Domestication And Cultivated Of Plants: ==


 * - The Bible explains that earliest places of human inhabitant include: Persia (Iran), Armenia and Turkey and plain of Shinar. Some plants that originate from this area and near areas of the middle-East and central Asia including: almonds, apples, apricots, barley, cherries, dates, einkorn wheat, emmer wheat figs, chickpeas, grapes, lentils, melons, pomegranates, olives, quinces and spelt.

- - - -
 * - List:


 * - Almond
 * - Near East. "The almond is native to the Mediterranean climate region of the Middle East, eastward as far as the Indus." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 30:37)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almond#Origin_and_history

-


 * - Apricots:
 * - "The apricot was known in Armenia during ancient times, and has been cultivated there for so long it is often thought to be native there. Its scientific name Prunus armeniaca (Armenian plum) derives from that assumption." - Wikipedia. - (40.119444, 44.723056)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot

-


 * - Apples:
 * - The wild ancestors of Malus domestica are Malus sieversii, found growing wild in the mountains of Central Asia (specially the Tien Shan mountains (43°15'18.21"N 76°54'45.46"E) in southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Xinjiang, China... "The center of diversity of the genus Malus is in ''eastern Turkey.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple#Wild_ancestors
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii


 * - Song of Solomon 2:3.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apples

-


 * - Avocado
 * - "P. americana, or the avocado, originated in the state of Puebla, Mexico." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocado

-


 * - Barley:
 * - Job 31:40; Exodus 9:31; Deuteronomy 8:8.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barley
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra

-


 * - Bottle gourd:
 * - Bottle gourd: The origin and domestication of the plant Lagenaria Siceraria (also known as the bottle gourd, the opo squash, calabash, and long melon)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottle_gourd

-


 * - Buckwheat:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckwheat

-


 * - Cherries:
 * - "A cultivated cherry is recorded as having been brought to Rome by Lucius Licinius Lucullus from northeastern Anatolia, also known as the Pontus region, in 72 BC." - Wikipedia. (Trabzon, Pontus, Turkey) Cherries: (41° 0′ 0″ N, 39° 44′ 0″ E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherries

-


 * - Chickpeas:
 * - sites Tell el-Kerkh Syria, Cayönü, Hacilar, Akarçay Tepe Turkey; and Jericho.
 * - See:
 * - http://archaeology.about.com/od/domestications/qt/chickpeas.htm
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickpeas

-


 * - Coconut:
 * - "The origin of the plant is the subject of debate." - Wikipedia. (Khulna, Bangladesh): (22°50'33.54"N 89°33'29.68"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut

-


 * - Common climbing bean:
 * - (Phaseolus vulgaris) Andes. - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaseolus_vulgaris

-


 * - Corn:
 * - Mexico.  - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn

-


 * - Dates:
 * - Persian gulf. - Wikipedia. - (30°32'58.25"N 48°21'28.49"E)


 * - Judean dates:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.hadassah.org/site/apps/nlnet/content.aspx?c=keJNIWOvElH&b=5772823&ct=11521097&notoc=1
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_(fruit)
 * - http://www.treehugger.com/natural-sciences/date-palm-grown-2000-year-old-seed-dad.html

-


 * - Eggplants:
 * - India. - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant

-


 * - Figs:
 * - "Nine subfossil figs of a parthenocarpic type ... were found in the early Neolithic village Gilgal I (in the Jordan Valley, 13 km north of Jericho).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figs


 * - Although the fig (Ficus) was the first mentioned in Genesis as being present in the Garden of Eden; the first mention of the what in all probability the domesticated fig (A type of Ficus Carica) was in Numbers 13:23 obtained while spies were sent to gather intel and to scope out the fertile area they named the valley of Eschol (evidently near the north of Hebron).

-


 * - Fonio:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fonio

-


 * - Grapes:
 * - Armenia. (Near Mount Ararat) (39°41'10.64"N 44°16'23.28"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapes


 * - Wine-making:
 * - See:
 * - The Areni-1 winery (50 miles/80 kilometers from Mount Ararat)
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areni-1_cave_complex
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areni-1_winery


 * - Ancient Israelite grapes and wine and its revitalization
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/food/1.682336
 * - http://www.cnn.com/2015/12/23/middleeast/jesus-wine/
 * - https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=talmudic%20grape
 * - http://www.israel21c.org/a-fine-byzantine-wine/

-


 * - Lentils:
 * - India, Pakistan? - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lentils

-


 * - Loquat:
 * - "The loquat is originally from southeastern China."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loquat

-


 * - Melons:
 * - "Melons are believed to have originated in the hot valleys of southwest Asia—specifically Iran (Persia) and India." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melon

-


 * - Millet:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millet

-


 * - Nectarines:
 * - See: peaches.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarines

-


 * - Oats:
 * - "Avena byzantina... grew in the Fertile Crescent of the Near East. "
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oats

-


 * - Olives:
 * - "native to the coastal areas of the eastern Mediterranean Basin (the adjoining coastal areas of southeastern Europe, western Asia and northern Africa) as well as northern Iraq, and northern Iran at the south end of the Caspian Sea." - Wikipedia. (Armenia - Genesis 8:11)
 * - Olive oil. - (See: Awake! April 08, 2008, pages 16-19, and the Watchtower December 1, 2011, on page 10).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olives
 * - http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gKQdCGwMalvxTbeDLsraPbt-pTYw?docId=CNG.297627187ac691191764bcf1ddcc7aea.3b1

-


 * - Peaches:
 * - "Although its botanical name Prunus persica suggests the peach is native to Persia, peaches actually originated in China, where they have been cultivated since the early days of Chinese culture." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaches

-


 * - Pears: The genus is thought to have originated in present-day western China in the foothills of the Tian Shan, a mountain range of Central Asia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pear#History

-


 * - Plums: Armenia?
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum#Etymology

-


 * - Pomegranate:
 * - Iranian Plateau
 * - Pomegrante festival: (Goychay, Azerbaijan): (40°35'17.74"N 47°51'51.95"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomegrante

-


 * - Potatoes: Peru.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potatoes

-


 * - Quinoa: Peru.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinoa

-


 * - Quince: "Native to Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Pakistan, Afghanistan" - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quince

-


 * - Rice: China.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice

-


 * - Rye:
 * - "Rye is one of a number of species that grow wild in central and eastern Turkey, and adjacent areas. Domesticated rye occurs in small quantities at a number of Neolithic sites in Turkey, such as PPNB Can Hasan III, but is otherwise virtually absent from the archaeological record until the Bronze Age of central Europe, c. 1800-1500 BC." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye

-


 * - Sage:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvia_officinalis

-


 * - Spelt:
 * - The earliest archaeological evidence of spelt is from the fifth millennium BC in Transcaucasia, north of the Black Sea.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelt

-


 * - Sorghum:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorghum

-


 * - Tomatoes: "Genetic evidence shows the progenitors of tomatoes were herbaceous green plants with small green fruit and a center of diversity in the highlands of Peru. One species, Solanum lycopersicum, was transported to Mexico, where it was grown and consumed by Mesoamerican civilizations. The exact date of domestication is not known." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatoes

-


 * - Triticale
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triticale

-


 * - Wheat: Turkey.
 * - Referencing:
 * - Genesis 30:14; 41:22, 23
 * - (Alluding and possibly alluding to the plant: Genesis 1:11, 12, 29; 14:18; 27:28)

-


 * - Wheat, Emmer:
 * - "Archaeological analysis of wild emmer indicates that it was first cultivated in the southern Levant with finds at Iraq ed-Dubb in northern Jordan." And "DNA studies on emmer wheat have shown its place of domestication to be near Şanlıurfa (36°51'54.86"N  39° 1'27.03"E), in southeast Turkey." - Wikipedia. Şanlıurfa = Haran, Turkey.

-


 * - Wheat, Einkorn:
 * - DNA finger-printing suggests einkorn was domesticated near Karaca Dağ (37°40'12″N 39°49'48″E) in southeast Turkey" - Wikipedia. Karaca Dağ is about 70 miles away from Haran, Turkey.

-


 * - Yams: "Sweet potatoes are native to Central America... The sweet potato was also grown before western exploration in Polynesia. Sweet potato has been radiocarbon-dated in the Cook Islands to 1000 AD, and current thinking is that it was brought to central Polynesia around 700 AD, possibly by Polynesians who had traveled to South America and back, and spread across Polynesia to Hawaii and New Zealand from there." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yams

See Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact#Polynesians

-


 * - The opo squash was brought to the Americas from Asia and the Sweet Potato was bought from the Americas (Quechua/Aymara: ku'mara) to Polynesia (Easter island: "ku'mara") and proofs there was contact.
 * - Animal domestication
 * - Cattle.
 * - See:
 * - http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/cows-evolutionary-dna-120330.htm


 * - After The Flood, Legends about building and language Change:''


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language

- - - -
 * - Africa:


 * - African Tribal:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language#Africa

- - - -
 * - Americas:


 * - "In common with the mythology of many other civilizations and cultures which tell of a Great Flood, certain Native American tribes tell of a deluge which came over the Earth. After the water subsides, various explanations are given for the new diversity in speech." - Wikipedia.


 * - U.S.A. California The Maidu people.
 * - The Maidu people speak of during “during a funeral ceremony, [all the people] suddenly began speaking in different languages.” - Wikipedia.


 * - U.S.A. Mandan tribe and the lone man.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandan#Lodges_and_villages


 * - Mexico: Aztecs mythology. - After the Flood Coxcox and Xochiquetzal's children.
 * - Source:
 * - Turner, P. and Russell-Coulter, C. (2001) Dictionary of Ancient Deities (Oxford: OUP)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language#Mesoamerica


 * - Mexico: Maya (South Mexico). Maya mythology, speaks of Votan, the first human, helped build a huge house reaching into the heavens, which turned out to be "the place where God gave every tribe its particular language."
 * - "F. Núñez de la Vega, bishop of Chiapa, says, in the preface to his Synodal Constitutions, that in the visit which he made to his diocese towards the end of the last century [i.e. the late 1600s], he found many ancient calendars of the Chiapanese, and an old manuscript in the language of that country, made by the Indians themselves, in which it was said, according to their ancient tradition, that a certain person named Votan was present at that great building, which was made by order of his uncle, in order to mount up to heaven; that then every people was given its language, and that Votan himself was charged by God to make the division of the lands of Anahuac. " - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votan
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero


 * - Peru/Bolivia: Inca legend...
 * - Source:
 * - "The Fables and Rites of the Yncas, by Cristóbal de Molina of Cuzco, quoted in South American Mythology")

- - - -
 * - Asia, East:


 * - India: Hindu.
 * - Hindu Legend telling of the language confusion as a punishment from Brahma. - Wikipedia.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language#India

- - - -
 * - Asia, Middle-East:


 * - Sumerian (Southern-Iraq): the story of "Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta

- - - -
 * - Europe:


 * - Greece:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language#Europe

- - - -
 * - Austro-Polynesia


 * - Andaman islands.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language#Andaman_Islands

- - - -
 * - Studies of the origin of language


 * - http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19368988

After The Flood, Religion and Astrology:

 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orion_(constellation)
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major


 * - Astrology is a pseudoscience. Google defines it as: "the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world."
 * - Some of the ancients believed a different god was believed to rule over each section of the heavens.
 * - See:
 * - Isaiah 47:12-15.

“Astrology is a disease, not a science. . . . It is a tree under the shadow of which all sorts of superstitions thrive.” — Moses Maimonides (1135-1204), Jewish scholar of the Middle Ages.


 * - The Bible is clear the stars are not to be worshiped or venerated. But celestial stars are part the Creator's works, of course, not the creator himself. * – Genesis 1,2; 15:5; Job 26:7, Psalms 8:1, 3, 4; 115:16 136:9,147:4, Isaiah 40, Jeremiah 31:35-37.


 * - "The first known uses of the pentagram are found in Mesopotamia…" "the five planets Jupiter, Mercury, Mars and Saturn, and Venus as the "Queen of Heaven" (Ishtar)." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonian_astrology#Early_origins
 * - Job 38:32; Deuteronomy 17:2-7, 2 Kings 23:5.
 * - There is scattered evidence to suggest that the oldest known astrological references are copies of texts made in the ancient world. Two, from the Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa (compiled in Babylon around 1700 BCE) are reported to have been made during the reign of king Sargon of Akkad (2334–2279 BCE). - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology#Ancient_world

Comparing the zodiac in other cultures:

-

The origin of the star of David:

The so-called "star of David", a hexagram present on Modern Israeli flag. The hexagram is associated with worship of Saturn.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_david

“Now you will have to carry away Sakʹkuth your king and Kaiʹwan, Your images, the star of your god, whom you made for yourselves,” - Amos 5:26 NWT2013.

Note the Hebrew poetic device of parallelism.

- A. "Carry Sakkuth (vowels were fixed to express disgust) your king (your Molech)" or LXX, "the tents (shrine) of Molech" (in harmony with the Greek text of Acts 7). In effect, saying the (disgusting) tent shrines of your pagan King deity Molech.

- B. "Kaiwan, your images, the star of your god."

This name was purposely vocalized in the Hebrew Masoretic text to correspond to shiqquts;, meaning "disgusting thing." The phrase "Sakkuth (the digusting thing) YOUR king (MaLaKHA)" reads "the tent of Mo′loch (MaLaKH)" in Acts 7:43. "The tents" are portable shrines tents. Molech (or Moloch) is the same Grecian Cronus (Kronos)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molech#Classical_Greek_and_Roman_accounts
 * - Cronus Roman equivalent is Saturn.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch

"Kaiwan" is evidently the Akkadian star kaimanu or kaiwanu is meant, since this occurs in Akkadian inscriptions as the name of Saturn (a star-god). (Chiun – JPS Tanakh). "Kaiwan" appears as "Repa" or "Repha", one of the names of the Egyptian Saturn (Seb) in the LXX and Rephan in Acts 7:42, 43.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_names_of_stars

Molech (the same as Saturn) was a pagan deity in the pagan Canaanite religion. Molech seems to the same of Malcam or Milcom of the Ammonites. The Molech was the deity that pagan sacrificed their children to. There is evidence to show that astrology was closely allied with the worship of Molech. Molech who was sometimes depicted with a bull’s head. The bull was worshiped by the Babylonians, Canaanites, Egyptians. The bull was one of the most important signs of the zodiac: Taurus. The sun-god was often represented by bulls. The horns signifying the sun rays, and the bull’s strong reproductive power, to symbolized the sun’s power as “giver of life.” The female, the cow, was given equal honor as a symbol of Ishtar or Astarte, as she was variously called.

(See: Leviticus 18:21; 20:2-5; Deuteronomy 12:31; 1 Kings 11:5-8, 33, 2 Kings 16:3; 2 Kings 23:10-13; 2 Samuel 12:30 and 1 Chronicles 20:2; 2 Chronicles 28:3; Psalms 106:37, 38; Jeremiah 7:31; 19:4, 5; 32:35) (Molech is referred to in parallel with Baal, suggesting, if not an identification, at least some connection between the two.)

Baal: for example, "Baal of Peor", "Baalzebub." "Beelzebub" also is designation applied to Satan the prince, or ruler, of the demons. '''Ezekiel 20:26; 23:4, 36-39. Amos 5:26, Acts 7:43'''. As well pagan Babylonian deity Bel (“Owner; Master”) – Isaiah 46:1, 2; see also: Jeremiah 50:2, 51:44.

This "star" of Molech was a hexagram. The symbol is associated with pentacles, used for pagan worship, calling spirits into human contact. Members of Wicca and New age movements, as well as people who worship Satan the Devil use the pentacles in the rituals adoration. Pentacles are used in the "calling (wicked) spirit into human contact."

It appears later thought some the view of the “star” changed from the symbol occult of summoning spirits, into a magic “star” which controls wicked spirits offering ‘protection.’ This practice of superstition is comparable to worshiping pagan Canaanite deity Baal for protection from wicked spirits.

The Jewish virtual library says (italics mine): "relatively new...symbol... (Israelite worship) permitted no images of Him; (it) was & still is opposed to the acceptance of any symbols." The Jewish Encyclopedia: "sign on amulets." – Deuteronomy 18:9-11, Psalms 58:4, Isaiah 65:11 Usage of these symbols of occult would hurt God. (Genesis 6:6)


 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninurta
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani

-

About the "Navity" star:


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_of_Bethlehem

Even according to gospels, written by faithful Christian Jews: a supernatural star appear to the (magi) astrologers, it did not lead them to infant Jesus. Instead, this supernatural star led them to Jerusalem – to the murderous King Herod.

Notice these men were pagan easterners. They were likely a religious class of Iranian Zoroastrians astrological priests. These from the distant land of Persia. <...> A demonic star became a symbol of adornment in Christmas.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyoti%E1%B9%A3a

Christmas in turn actually originates of two Roman festivals: Saturnalia and the Birthday of Mithra "dies natalis Solis Invicti."
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithra
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitra
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dies_Natalis_Solis_Invicti'

Mithra was a Persian deity (Iran) Mitra also appears in Hinduism (India). The Roman Mithra/Mithras, "God of light." Known as Mithras to the Romans.


 * - World religions


 * - Australian aboriginal.
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology
 * - Bahá'í.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD
 * - Buddhism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism
 * - Christianity.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity
 * - Druze.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze
 * - Jainism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism
 * - Judiasm.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiasm
 * - Hinduism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism
 * - Islam.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam
 * - Hinduism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism
 * - Mandaeism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaeism
 * - Rastafari.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rastafari
 * - Samaritanism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritanism
 * - Shito.
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto
 * - Sikh.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh
 * - Taoism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism
 * - Various American aboriginal spirituality
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_American_religion
 * - Yazdânism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism
 * - Zoroastrianism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism


 * - After The Flood, Religion, "Holidays:


 * - Easter: However one theorizes the origin of the word Easter. It is clear the rabbit and eggs are non-biblical origin.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter#English_and_German
 * - The symbol of rabbit ("the easter bunny") has no biblical origin and is acknowledged as a fertility symbol.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_bunny#Origins
 * - It was his death not his resurrection Jesus told his disciples to commemorate.

- - - -
 * - '''December 21-25:


 * See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_solstice#Observances
 * - Africa:
 * - Americas:
 * - North:
 * - Central:
 * - South:
 * - Asia:
 * - Far East:
 * - India:
 * - Pancha Ganapati
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancha_Ganapati
 * - Iran:
 * - Yalda.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalda
 * - Middle East:
 * - Mesopotamia:
 * - Akitu
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akitu
 * - Mesopotamia: Zagmuk
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zagmuk
 * - Europe:
 * - Meán Geimhridh - (Celtic)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Solstice
 * - Mithras - (Greco-Roman)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithras#Rituals_and_worship
 * - Sol Invictus - (Roman)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_Invictus
 * - Saturnalia/Chronia - (Greco-Roman)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturnalia
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brumalia
 * - Yule. (Finnic and Germanic peoples)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule
 * - Ziemassvētki. - (Anicent Lativa)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemassv%C4%93tki
 * - Polynesia:
 * - '''Christmas:"'
 * - Luke 2:8
 * - “Most of the customs now associated with Christmas were not originally Christmas customs but rather were pre-Christian and non-Christian customs taken up by the Christian church. Saturnalia, a Roman feast celebrated in mid-December, provided the model for many of the merrymaking customs of Christmas. From this celebration, for example, were derived the elaborate feasting, the giving of gifts, and the burning of candles.” — The Encyclopedia Americana, 1959 edition, Vol. 6, p. 622.
 * - Saturn = the Greco-Roman counterpart to Ba'al.
 * - Christmas tree:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree
 * - Santa Claus origins:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Claus#Germanic_paganism.2C_Odin.2C_and_Christianization


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenote

'''Language confusion at Babel, Myths and Legends Possibly Associated With

 * - < This article is currently under construction, more to come soon, stay tuned >

- -
 * - Africa:


 * - Peoples of Botswana. (sources)
 * - Lozi people of Zambia. (sources)

- -
 * - North America:


 * - North:
 * - Tohono O’odham. - (sources)
 * - Mesoamerica:
 * - Aztecs. - Source: Diego Durán, (Spanish, Dominican friar) (1537–1588). Reports from a priest of Cholula. It should be noted Diego He was fluent in Nahuatl, the Aztec language.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Durán
 * - Mesoamerica
 * - Toltec people. - Source: Fernando de Alva Cortés Ixtlilxóchitl (Novohispanic historian, and a direct descendant the Aztec kings) (c. 1565 - 1648) Reports on the Toltecs People.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_Alva_Cortés_Ixtlilxochitl

- -
 * - Asia:


 * - (More to come)
 * - (Near/Middle East:)
 * - Mesopotamia: Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta
 * - Mesopotamia: the Epic of the Gilgamesh (sources)
 * - See:

- -
 * - Europe:


 * - Greece: " for ages men had lived without law under the rule of Zeus and speaking one language... The (Greek) god Hermes brought diversity in speech and along with its separation into nations and discord ensued." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mythical_origins_of_language#Europe
 * - (more to come)

- -
 * - Oceania:


 * - Hao island, Tuamotu Archipelago Polynesia. - (sources:)

- -
 * - Other sources:


 * - The works of Flavius Josephus (Jewish historian). Josephus references: Hebrew sources, oral tradition, and also mentions the unnamed Sibyl, and Hestiaeus)
 * - The book of Jubilees, a Pseudepigrapha work.
 * - The Talmud (Chullin 89a, Pesahim 94b, Erubin 53a, Avodah Zarah 53b and later the Midrash such as Genesis Rabba).
 * - The comments of Plato (Greek philosopher). - (sources needed)
 * - Eusebius reports ... Abydenus (Greek historian). - (sources needed)

- -
 * - Notes:


 * - Something to remember is that the construction of a tower is just one element in the story.
 * - Work with on a case-by-case basis.


 * - One language prior to the language confusion.
 * - A Nimrod. - (Male, King, hunter, warrior)
 * - Construction of a tower.
 * - God angered (Divine cause) to Language confused.
 * - Migration occurs.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythical_origins_of_language

Ziggurats and Pyramids:

 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid

- -
 * - Africa:


 * - Egypt:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mastaba
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids
 * - Sudan:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid#Sudan
 * - Earliest known Egyptian Pyramid, "The Pyramid of Djoser" in Saqarra, stepped shaped and stone were cut in brick size unlike later pyramids.

- -
 * - Americas:


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)
 * - North America: Monk's mound
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk%27s_Mound
 * - North America:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site
 * - Meso-America:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_pyramids
 * - The largest Meso-American pyramid at El Mirador in Guatemala.
 * - http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-HzrrcnLVj-M/TryK-_WhvCI/AAAAAAAABjw/LHFKnLtzhGE/s1600/36-mural5-450.jpg
 * - What scholars presently (as of 2013) refer to as the oldest Pyramid in Meso-America, dated to 2,700 years ago.
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiapa_de_Corzo_(Mesoamerican_site)
 * - South America:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaca_del_Sol
 * - South America:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norte_Chico_civilization
 * - http://www.google.ca/search?hl=en&rlz=1C1GGGE_enCA466CA466&q=huaca+de+Huallamarca,+Lima&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.r_qf.&biw=1024&bih=647

- -
 * - Asia:


 * - Asia, Middle East
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziggurat
 * - Iraq: Eridu
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu
 * - Iraq: Kish (Tell Uhaimir)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)
 * - Iraq: Ur
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Ziggurat_of_Ur
 * - Asia, East
 * - Asia, East Cambodia
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koh_Ker
 * - Asia, East China
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_pyramids
 * - Asia, East India: Brihadeeswarar 1010 C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadeeswarar_Temple
 * - Asia, East India: circa 1002 C.E. Brihadisvara
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple
 * - Asia, East India
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaikonda_Cholapuram
 * - Asia, East India: Ellora.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellora
 * - Asia, East India
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airavatesvara_Temple
 * - Asia, East India
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Ranganathaswamy_Temple_(Srirangam)
 * - Asia, East India
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annamalaiyar_Temple
 * - Asia, East India
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prang_(architecture))
 * - Asia, East India: Mahabalipuram Temples.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahabalipuram
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Pagodas_of_Mahabalipuram
 * - Asia, East India
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple
 * - Asia, East Indonesia, Borobudur
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borobudur
 * - Asia, East Besakih
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_Temple_of_Besakih
 * - Asia, East Iran: Chogha Zanbil Ziggurat
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil
 * - Asia, East Iran, "Tappeh Sialk"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tappeh_Sialk).
 * - Asia, East Iran, "Jiroft"
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiroft
 * - Asia, Ease Pakistan.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohenjo-daro

- -
 * - Oceania:


 * - Indonesia
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_Padang
 * - Samoa:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulemelei_Mound
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Pyramid

- -
 * - Europe:


 * - Greece:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_pyramids
 * - Italy: Northern Sardinia, site of Monte d'Accoddi.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_d%27Accoddi

Early religion

 * - Common motifs:


 * - Almighty God/higher power.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gitche_Manitou


 * - Spirit beings whose creation predates human beings.


 * - Almighty God creates the heavens and the earth.


 * - Almighty God created a man from the earth.


 * - Almighty God created a woman (using the man's rib).


 * - Sacred forests.


 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_grove


 * - http://www.worldheritagesite.org/tag.php?id=480


 * - The first human pair.


 * - http://creationwiki.org/User_talk:Anaccuratesource#Adam_.26_Eve


 * - Wicked serpent offers alleged wisdom.


 * - http://creationwiki.org/User_talk:Anaccuratesource#Adam_.26_Eve


 * - A fall from grace.


 * - Teaching about immortality.


 * - World tree.


 * - http://creationwiki.org/User_talk:Anaccuratesource#Adam_.26_Eve


 * - "Tree of life"


 * - http://creationwiki.org/User_talk:Anaccuratesource#Adam_.26_Eve


 * - Tricksters/evil spirits.


 * - A need for sacrifice.


 * - Giants on the earth (Usually before a Great Flood).


 * - Need to cleanse.


 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_purification


 * - (Violence and conflict in the earth) then a Flood.


 * - Flood legends.


 * - http://creationwiki.org/User_talk:Anaccuratesource#The_Flood.2C_Myths_And_Legends_Possibly_Associated_With:


 * - Vessel built to saved animals.


 * - The raven sent out.


 * - The dove sent out.


 * - A tower built; languages confused.
 * - See:
 * - http://creationwiki.org/User_talk:Anaccuratesource#After_The_Flood.2C_Legends_About_Language_Change:


 * - Basic law code.


 * - Usage of incense
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smudge_stick
 * - Other:


 * - Afterlife.


 * - Hell.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell


 * - Trinity.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_deity
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyavazhi_Trinity
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti


 * - See:
 * - Chinese annual "border sacrifice" offered by the Chinese emperor acting as high priest to Shang-di.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangdi


 * - The cross.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross


 * - Magical hands.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_of_Fatima


 * - Megalithic monuments.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith


 * - Sacred Mountain/s
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_mountains


 * - Sacred Prostitution.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_prostitution


 * - Sex symbols, sex rites/sex magic
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni


 * - Spiritism.


 * - False gods/goddess for the sky, the sun, the moon, rain, the earth/nature, fertility, magic, war, and writing.

--- --- --- ---
 * - The Trinity Myth


 * - The trinity doctrine is blatantly contrary to God's word the Bible. The teaching was actually influenced by paganism and philosophers.
 * - Funfact: unlike doctrine of baptism, the laying of hands, the resurrection of the dead and everlasting destruction the trinity doctrine is never mentioned (Hebrews 6:1, 2)


 * - Pagan Triads/Trinity.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_deity
 * - Greek philosopher Plato. – Platonic trinity.
 * - Roman emperor Constantine (Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus Augustus) Pontifex Maximus (High Priest) of Roman Religion.
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_the_Great
 * - Jehovah God ≠ Jesus Christ.
 * - The Father ≠ The son.
 * - Christ Jesus ≠ the holy spirit.
 * - The holy spirit = Jehovah's active force.
 * - Christ Jesus and Jehovah God do differ!
 * - They differ in: history, position, power, role, age and knowledge.
 * - This mean The Athanasian Creed, or Quicunque Vult is wrong as it claims each person of the Trinity is uncreated (increatus), limitless (Immensus), eternal (æternus), and omnipotent (omnipotens). Either that is right and Bible is not or Bible is right and Trinitarian creeds are false.
 * - See:
 * - John 8:28; 1 Corinthians 3:23; 11:3; 15:24-28; Galatians 3:20; Ephesians 1:3; Philippians 2:9; 1 John 4:12; Revelation 1:1, 2; 3:12, 14
 * - Compare:
 * - Matthew 20:20-23; 24:36; 28:18; Mark 13:32; John 7:16; 14:28; Hebrews 5:5; Philippians 2:9 (why exalted?); 1 Peter 5:21
 * - Compare:
 * - Deuteronomy 6:4 and Mark 12:29; Isaiah 48:11.
 * - Date:
 * - 1513 B.C.E.
 * - Event:
 * - "The Shema"
 * - Date:
 * - 33 C.E.
 * - Event:
 * - Christ Jesus, and the Messiah and Son of God is killed.
 * - Date:
 * - 325 C.E.
 * - Event:
 * - The Council of Nicaea
 * - See:
 * - (http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102013286#h=3:0-6:383)
 * - Date:
 * - 381 C.E. (May 20)
 * - Event:
 * - Nicene Creed - The First Council he First Council of Constantinopole.
 * - Nicene Creed - The First Council he First Council of Constantinopole.


 * - Deuteronomy 6:4; Isaiah 11; 48:11; Matthew 3:16; 12:18, 28, 32; 20:20-23, 28; 24:36; 26:39; 28:18 (who gave); Mark 12:29; 13:32; Luke 2:52; 3:22; 4:18; 22:42, 43; 23:46; John 1:18, 32; 5:19, 22, 30; 6:38, 57; 7:16; 8:28; 12:49, 50; 14:28; 16:23; 20:17; Hebrews 5:7; Acts 3:13, 26; 4:24-30; Hebrews 5:5-8; 1 Corinthians 3:23; 8:6; 11:3; 15:24-28; Galatians 3:20; Ephesians 1:3; Philippians 2:9; 1 Peter 1:21; 1 John 4:12; Revelation 1:1, 2; 3:12, 14
 * - Further Notes:
 * - The Bible does not support Adoptionism.


 * - The pagan Akkadian gods: Sin (moon), Shamash (sun), Ramman (rain and storms)
 * - The pagan Akkadian gods: Sin (moon), Shamash (sun), and the pagan Akkadian goddess Ishtar (fertility)
 * - Khaldi, Shivini and Theispas.


 * - Egypt:
 * - The pagan Egyptian gods: Osiris (death), the pagan goddess Isis (mother of Horus) and Horus (sky).


 * - Hindu:
 * - Shiva, Brahma, Vishnu
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tridevi


 * - Near Eastern: Baal-sameme, Baal-malage, and Baal-saphon
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalshamin

Origin of Nations:

 * - Origin of Nations, Japheth:


 * - Japhteth
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah

"The fact the epicenter of world population growth comes out, in the Modern world, comes out of the Black Sea and Capsian Sea area that area of Europe, Asian steppes area between those two bodies of water. Which just happens to the Urartu mountains range, "the Mountains of Ararat" where Noah and his family landed. So the Bible nails the global epicenter distribution. That's not a coincidence!" – Steve Collins, an archaeologist and a professor with the College of Archaeology at Trinity Southwest University in Albuquerque, New Mexico.


 * - Quote source material:
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1iqbJMXv-w (4:36-5:25)


 * - The descendants of Japheth are usually associated with European and Asiatic locations. The descendants of Japheth could have also have been along the first inhabitants of the Americas.


 * - 1. Gomer: Flavius Josephus placed Gomer (and the Gomerites) at Anatolian Galatia and identified him as the founder of the Galatians (Gauls/Celts) along with other peoples.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomer
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galatia
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimmerians


 * - Ashkenaz (son of Gomer). - South-East of Black Sea (48°49'55.22"N 47°42'0.78"E) -
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenazi#Etymology
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashkenaz
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ascania
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saka


 * - Riphath (son of Gomer). - Paphlagonians (41°38'3.28"N 32°20'14.84"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paphlagonians
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arimaspi
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riphean_Mountains


 * - Togarmah (son of Gomer). - "He is held to be the ancestor of the peoples of the South Caucasus mountains: (the Georgians, the Armenians) and some Turkic peoples." - Wikipedia. Flavius Josephus identified him as the founder of the Phrygians.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygia
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Togarmah


 * - 2. Magog:
 * - "Josephus identified the offspring of Magog as the Scythians, a name used in antiquity for peoples north of the Black Sea. According to him, the Greeks called Scythia Magogia (Ant., bk. I, 6). An alternate identification derived from an examination of the order in which tribal names are listed in Ezekiel 38, "would place Magog between Cappadocia and Media." - Wikipedia. - (Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Book I, Chapter 6).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magog_(Bible)
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scythia


 * - 3. Madai:
 * - (Medes; Iran) - South of Caspian Sea (33°46'48.64"N 47°59'7.73"E)
 * -"The Medes, reckoned to be his offspring by Josephus and most subsequent writers, were also known as Madai, including in both Assyrian and Hebrew sources." "The Kurds still maintain traditions of descent from Madai." * "Medos (Μηδος), and his mother Medea, were also reckoned to be the ancestors of the Medes in classical Greek mythical histor"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madai
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medes
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medus


 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages#History_of_Indo-European_linguistics
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_studies#History


 * - 4. Javan:
 * - See:
 * - Ion.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(mythology)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javan


 * - Elishah. - Near Greece (37°53'0.20"N 21°15'53.59"E)
 * - See: Hellene.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellen


 * - Tarshish. - Pre-Spanish in South-West Europe (37° 3'17.66"N 6°23'44.50") (37°21'52.11"N 4°34'31.50"W)
 * - See: 1 Kings 9:22-28; 10:22; 2 Chronicles 9:21; (circa 1000 B.C.E.); 1 Kings 22:48 (936-911 B.C.E.); Jonah 1:3; 4:1 (circa 844 B.C.E.) Isaiah 23:1 (circa c. 778 B.C.E.); Jeremiah 10:9 (circa 647 B.C.E); Ezekiel 27:12, 25; 38:13 (Circa 613 B.C.E.); Psalms 48:7 (time: ?).
 * - See:
 * - http://www.euroweeklynews.com/columns/ric-polansky/atlantis-in-spain.html
 * - A possibke 'fringe' theory that Tarshish could located in South America.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.geocities.ws/myessays/LocationofTarshish.htm


 * - Kittim. - Cyprus (34°55'0.01"N 33°37'45.00"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kittim
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprus


 * - Rodanim. - Island of Rhodes and Aegean Islands (36°10'0.00"N 28° 0'0.00"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodanim


 * - 5. Tubal. Tibareni, in Asia Minor (36°53'46.33"N 30°41'43.38"E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubal
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabal


 * - 6. Meshech. - Tibareni, in Asia Minor (36°53'46.33"N 30°41'43.38"E).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meshech


 * - The Mushki?
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moschi
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushki


 * - 7. Tiras. - Tyrrhenians, of the Aegean islands and Coastlands (40°56'37.76"N 12°20'3.29"E).
 * - See:


 * - Possibly associated with Tros.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tros_(mythology)


 * - Flavius Josephus identified Tiras as the founder of the Thirasians (Thracians).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thracians


 * - Note:
 * - There is some speculation to a correlation with Japheth to certain Indo-European deities.


 * - Greek: Iapetus
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapetus_(mythology)


 * - Hindu: Prajapati
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajapati


 * - Roman: Iu-Pater ('Father' Jove, Jupiter) -
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japheth#Proposed_correlations_with_deities
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyaus_Pitar
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajapati
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahnentafel


 * - Origin of Nations, Shem:

The descendants of Shem are usually associated with Middle-eastern a few locations in Asia minor.

"The fact the epicenter of world population growth comes out, in the Modern world, comes out of the Black Sea and Capsian Sea area that area of Europe, Asian steppes area between those two bodies of water. Which just happens to the Urartu mountains range, "the Mountains of Ararat" where Noah and his family landed. So the Bible nails the global epicenter distribution. That's not a coincidence!" – Steve Collins, an archaeologist and a professor with the College of Archaeology at Trinity Southwest University in Albuquerque, New Mexico.


 * - Quote source material:
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1iqbJMXv-w (4:36-5:25)


 * - 1. Elam:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Elam
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elam


 * - 2. Asshur:
 * - Assyria
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyria
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur_(god)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anshar


 * - 3. Arpachshad:
 * - Flavius Josephus identified with the Chaldeans.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea
 * - Shelah:
 * - Eber (Son of Shelah):
 * - Peleg (Son of Eber): >> Lot (Moabites, Ammonites), Abraham.


 * - (Through Sarah)
 * - Isaac (son of Abraham):


 * - Israel (son of Isaac). - (Israelites)


 * - (Through Leah)
 * - Reuben.
 * - Simeon.
 * - Levi.
 * - Judah.
 * - Issachar.
 * - Zebulun.
 * - (Dinah was daughter of Leah)


 * - (Through Rachel)
 * - Joseph.
 * - Benjamin.


 * - (Through Bil′hah, Rachel’s maidservant)
 * - Dan.
 * - Naph′ta·li.


 * - (Through Zil′pah, Le′ah’s maidservant)
 * - Gad
 * - Asher.


 * - Esau (Son of Isaac). - (Edom: Edomites).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Edom
 * - Eliphaz: (Son of Esau).
 * - Sheik Teman.
 * - Sheik Omar.
 * - Sheik Zepho.
 * - Gatam.
 * - Sheik Kenaz.
 * - Timna.
 * - Amalek.


 * - Reuel: (Son of Esau).
 * - Nahath: (Son of Reuel)
 * - Zerah: (Son of Reuel).
 * - Shammah: (Son of Reuel).
 * - Mizzah: (Son of Reuel).


 * - Jeush: (Son of Esau).
 * - Jalam: (Son of Esau).
 * - Korah: (Son of Esau).


 * - (Through Hagar)
 * - Ishmael:
 * - Nebaioth (son of Ishmael).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebaioth
 * - Kedar (son of Ishmael).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qedarite
 * - Adbeel (son of Ishmael).
 * - Mibsam (son of Ishmael).
 * - Mishma (son of Ishmael).
 * - Dumah (son of Ishmael).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumah_(son_of_Ishmael)
 * - Massa (son of Ishmael).
 * - Hadad (son of Ishmael).
 * - Tema (son of Ishmael).
 * - Jetur (son of Ishmael).
 * - Naphish (son of Ishmael).
 * - Kedemah (son of Ishmael).


 * - (Through his wife Keturah)
 * - Zimran.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimran
 * - Jokshan.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jokshan
 * - Medan - Medanites.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medan_(son_of_Abraham)
 * - Midian - Midianites.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midian_(son_of_Abraham)
 * - Ishbak. (Jasbuqu?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishbak
 * - Shuah. - Shuhites. (Mesopatamia area: Euphrates between two of its tributaries, Balikh and Khabur?)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuah


 * - Joktan (Son of Eber):
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qahtanite


 * - Almodad (Son of Joktan).
 * - Sheleph (Son of Joktan).
 * - Hazarmaveth (Son of Joktan).
 * - Jerah (Son of Joktan).
 * - Hadoram (Son of Joktan).
 * - Uzal (Son of Joktan).
 * - Diklah (Son of Joktan).
 * - Obal (Son of Joktan).
 * - Abimael (Son of Joktan).
 * - Sheba (Son of Joktan). — (15°28'12.05"N 45°19'22.29"E)
 * - Ophir (Son of Joktan).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophir
 * - See:
 * - (Afar people?)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afar_people
 * - Havilah (Son of Joktan).
 * - Jobab (Son of Joktan).


 * - 4. Lud:
 * - See:
 * - Lydians
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydia


 * - 5. Aram: "There are references to a campaign against a place called 'Arame' as early as 2300 B.C.E. in the inscriptions of Naram-Sin of Akkad" - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_Noah#Shem.27s_descendants


 * - Uz:
 * - See:
 * - Flavius Josephus identified the founder of Trachonitis and Damascus.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachonitis
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus


 * - Hul:
 * - See:
 * - Flavius Josephus identified the Armenians.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenians


 * - Gether:
 * - See:
 * - Flavius Josephus identified with the Bactrian people.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactrians#Bactrian_people


 * - Mash: (The same “Mash” in Assyrian annuals?). - Flavius Josephus identified the "Mesaneans; it is now called Charax Spasini."
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charax_Spasini


 * - Origin of Nations, Ham:


 * - The descendants Ham are associated with locations in Africa and the Middle-East.

"The fact the epicenter of world population growth comes out, in the Modern world, comes out of the Black Sea and Capsian Sea area that area of Europe, Asian steppes area between those two bodies of water. Which just happens to the Urartu mountains range, "the Mountains of Ararat" where Noah and his family landed. So the Bible nails the global epicenter distribution. That's not a coincidence!" – Steve Collins, an archaeologist and a professor with the College of Archaeology at Trinity Southwest University in Albuquerque, New Mexico.


 * - Quote source material:
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L1iqbJMXv-w (4:36-5:25)


 * - See:


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)#Etymology


 * - 1. - Cush: (19°36'2.90"N 30°24'35.12"E)


 * - Seba:


 * - Havilah:


 * - Sabtah:


 * - Raamah: southwest Arabian peninsula


 * - Dedan (Son of Raamah). (Arabia)


 * - Sheba (Son of Raamah).


 * - Sabteca:


 * - Nimrod: (32°32'59.98"N 44°39'0.00"E)


 * - 2. - Mizraim:


 * - Egypt, The Land of Kemet (Coptic: Kēme) meaning black. (Psalm 105:23, 27; 106:22)


 * - Ludim. (Probably the Lydians)


 * - Anamim.


 * - Lehabim. - Possibly Libyians.


 * - Naphtuhim.


 * - Pathrusim.


 * - Casluhim (Philistines)


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casluhim


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27idi_people


 * - Caphtorim. - Possibly: Pelusium area in Egypt, and Crete.


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caphtor


 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizraim


 * - 3. - Put: (Probably the (Western) Libyians)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phut


 * - 4. - Canaan: - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan


 * - Sidon (son of Canaan).* ( 33°33'45.34"N 35°22'7.42"E) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidon


 * - Heth (son of Canaan). — http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites


 * - Jebusite (son of Canaan). — (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebusite)


 * - Amorite (son of Canaan).


 * - Girgashite (son of Canaan).


 * - Hivite (son of Canaan).


 * - Arkite (son of Canaan).


 * - Sinite (son of Canaan)


 * - Arvadite (son of Canaan).


 * - Zemarite (son of Canaan).


 * - Hamathite (son of Canaan).


 * - * Footnote: However, the devote learned Bible believers already knew for a certainty the Phoenicians were Canaanites.


 * - “And Ca´naan became father to Si´don (Phoenicians) his firstborn and Heth…” – Genesis 10:15, (NWT; brackets mine). A comment made on National geographic special, dealing with gene-project and historical study on the Phoenicians was: “Today's Lebanese, the Phoenicians, and the Canaanites before them are all the same people." – Dr. Spencer Wells. --


 * - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ZjF5IfuML0 - (National Geographic on the subject)
 * - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvlIrWk9utI - (Al-Jeerza)


 * - http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2008-09-27.pdf
 * - http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/03/080313-AP-native-amer.html

Patriarchs

 * - 2018 B.C.E. - 1843 B.C.E. - Abraham:


 * - Abraham:


 * - Abram was a Chaldean, or in modern terms: an Iraqi. - (Genesis 11:28, 31; 15:7; Nehemiah 9:7; Acts 7:2-4) The name of Abram (Abi-ramu) is a Semitic name and does occurs in ancient Mesopotamia records.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylonia
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaldea
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B8%AAaldi'''


 * - Babel (Babylon).
 * - (32°32.11″N, 44°25.15″E)


 * - The city of Ur (Uruk).
 * - (31°19′20.N 45°38.10″E)


 * - "Ur, in modern-day Iraq, was excavated by Leonard Woolley between 1922 and 1934. Among the buildings he found were some 73 houses built of brick. The rooms of many of these houses were arranged around a paved central courtyard. The courtyard sloped gently toward its center, where a drain eliminated waste water. In the larger houses, guest rooms had their own lavatories. Other rooms on the ground floor included kitchens with fireplaces and slaves’ sleeping quarters. The family lived on the upper level, which was accessed by a staircase. The stairs led to a wooden balcony that ran around the courtyard and permitted access to the doors of the upper rooms. "A house . . ., with its paved court and neatly whitewashed walls, its own system of drainage, . . . of a dozen rooms or more, implies a standard of life of a really high order,” wrote Woolley. "And these are the houses . . . of the middle class, shopkeepers, petty merchants, scribes, and so on."" - Watchtower January 1, 2011 page 19.
 * - The Bible says "he went out of the land of the Chaldeans and took up residence in Haran" (NWT2014) Haran was not in the land of Chaldeans. - (Acts 7:4)


 * - Fun Fact "Oasis of Abraham," nearby Al-Asad, Iraq (33°47′08.19″N 42°26′28.32″E) - An oasis nearby the Al-Asad Airbase which local bedouin tradition says is the oasis in which Abraham visited when he had traveled to Haran. - Genesis...
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Asad_Airbase

- - - -
 * - Places associated with Abraham's family:


 * - The city of Nahor from where Rebekah was from. - Genesis 24:10 (compare with: Genesis 11:22).
 * - Compare with the Nakhur in the Mari tablets, discovered in 1935 and dated to the eighteenth century B.C.E. The Mari references and Assyrian records of the seventh century B.C.E., where Nahor occurs as Til-Nakhiri ("the Mound of Nahor"), located in the Balikh Valley below Haran. - Genesis...
 * - Terah. - (Til Turakhi, the "Mound of Terah," in Assyrian times). Notes: ... - Genesis


 * - Camels - Genesis 12
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel#Domestication
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2011444?q=camel&p=par


 * - Ishmael settled in the region of Paran - (30° 3'59.78"N 34° 0'52.91"E) - Genesis 21:21


 * - Egyptian Pharaoh Sheshonk I, lists the "Field of Abram" - See: Genesis 23:1-20.


 * - Haran was located on a trade route between such cities as Damascus, Nineveh, and Carchemish. - Genesis...


 * - What language did Abraham speak?
 * - In addition to speaking Hebrew, Abram could have likely spoke Akkadian (Semitic language) and possibly Sumerian. Evidence seems to indicate there was no major dissimilarity between Aramaic and Hebrew at this time. Abraham's grandson Jacob and grandnephew Laban use two different terms in naming the heap of stone. Jacob called it "Galeed" while Laban used the Aramean term: "Jegar-Sahadutha." - (Genesis 31:45)

- - - -
 * - Critics vs. the Bible.


 * - Wikipedia reads: "It is generally recognized by scholars that there is nothing in the Genesis stories that can be related to the history of Canaan of the early 2nd millennium:"
 * - Who are these 'scholars?' Critics.

- -


 * - Wikipedia reads: 'none of the kings mentioned are known,"
 * - Actually we have some really good candidates


 * - "Amraphel" (אַמְרָפֶל) king of Shinar (a reference to Mesopotamia) - ('Ammurapi) "Hammurabi."
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammurabi
 * - http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01441a.htm


 * - "Arioch" (אַרְיוך) king of Ellasar (אלסך)
 * - Possible candidates:
 * - Eri-aku (...) king of Larsa or Hurrian king Ariukki.


 * - "Chedorlaomer" (כרְלָעֹמֶר or kedarlaɣmer) king of Elam ("Chodollogomor" in the LXX) could be a compound name Lagamar (laɣmar) is an Elamite deity (notice the ע in Hebrew originally had two sounds the ʕ = ay (from the throat) and the ɣ = gh (from the throat). The LXX transliterates in favor of the latter kedar+laɣmer)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagamaru


 * - "Tidal" (תִדְעָל) "king of goyim (nations)"
 * - Candidates:
 * - Tudhaliya.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudhaliya


 * - Although not a lot is known from this time period this does not necessarily translate into did not exist.

- -


 * - Wikipedia reads: "Abimelech could not have been a Philistine (they did not arrive until centuries later)
 * - Really? This seems to prove otherwise.
 * - Little is known about the early history and origins of the Philistines peoples. Certainly not enough to make this comment.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abimelech
 * - Abimiliki of the Amarna tablets?

- -


 * - Wikipedia reads: "Ur would not become known as "Ur of the Chaldeans" until the early 1st millennium,"
 * - That could be expected as the writer Moses' would be using a vocabulary familiar to him and his audience. This explains passages like... (Genesis 2:14 "Assyria"; Genesis 3:24 "flaming blade of a sword" - NWT)

- -


 * - Wikipedia reads: "and Laban could not have been an Aramean,"
 * - ''According to the Bible, Laban wasn't a descendant of Aram. Laban just happened to speak Aramaic.

- -


 * - Wikipedia reads: ...the Arameans did not become an identifiable political entity until the 12th century."
 * - Whether the Arameans were or were not an "identifiable political entity" does disprove the account. How many groups throughout history were almost invisible until they rose to power? The main thing it doesn't disprove the Aramean people existed.

- -


 * - Wikipedia reads: "He is not clearly and unambiguously attested in the Bible earlier than the Babylonian exile"
 * - An Egyptian inscription (the one found on the relief at the Karnak temple, depicting Pharaoh Shishak) (25°43′7″N 32°39′27″E) describes "the field of Abram." Some will contend this still doesn't prove Abraham's existence. However, what does challenge this: the idea that it wasn't until the time of Babylonian captivity did the story of Abraham (Abram) come into existence. That assertion rests solely on fallacious belief that the Torah was written after the Babylonian exile.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karnak_Tempel_19.jpg

- -


 * - The Israelites descend from Abraham's grandson Jacob (who was later given the name Israel). Some critics though dismiss this as "etiological myths" and usually favor the belief "Israelite culture did not overtake the region, but rather grew out of Canaanite culture." (quote taken from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew#Origins However, just consider the record on the name Israel; The Merneptah Stele (circa 13th Century B.C.E) and an even earlier Egyptian inscription (circa the 15th Century B.C.E.) seems to contain some of the earliest known extra-Biblical references to the name of "Israel." These ancient inscriptions would thus seemly lend weight well to Israel's sense of identity from even the earliest times of their existence; casting doubt of the voice of the critics.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-israel/does-the-merneptah-stele-contain-the-first-mention-of-israel/


 * - Death and Burial:
 * - Abraham Ben Terah died at the age of 175 and was buried alongside his wife Sarah in the cave of Machpelah in Hebron, in the present West Bank territory. - (Genesis 23:9-20; 25:9; 49:30)
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs
 * - http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3219045?uid=2460338175&uid=2460337855&uid=2&uid=4&uid=83&uid=63&sid=21104944749213


 * - The Israelites were divided into tribal clans: Reuben, Simeon, Judah, Issachar, Zebulun, Ephraim (son of Joseph), Manasseh (son of Joseph), Benjamin, Dan, Asher, Gad, Naphtali, Levi (not counted a member of the 12) adding weight to the fact these were very much so real people. A matter of fact up until 70 C.E. (when the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the official genealogical records) an Israelite could easily check and verify his lineage.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Africanus
 * - Flavius Josephus' comments (In Against Apion, volume one, 7)
 * - http://m.ccel.org/ccel/josephus/works/apion-1.htm


 * -  1858 B.C.E. - 1711 B.C.E. The patriarch Jacob


 * - Jacob
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002279


 * - Bethel.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psagot
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Bireh
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beitin
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000682


 * - Shechem.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003978


 * - The name: Israel.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002227


 * - Before 1613 B.C.E. - The Book Of Job:


 * - Before 1613 B.C.E. - circa 1473 B.C.E. (when the book might have been completed)

- -


 * - Job: Hebrew: (אִיוֹב)

- -


 * - Location: Uz
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Uz
 * - Author Dan Gibson has identified with 'Uz with the 'Ad people mentioned in Islamic literature, in and around Petra, in what now Modern Day Jordan.

- -


 * - Job is described as a didactic poem.


 * - Job Chapter 1


 * - Job Chapter 3


 * - The creature Leviathan (Hebrew: Liwyathan′)


 * - "Its very sneezings flash forth light, And its eyes are like the beams of dawn. Out of its mouth there go lightning flashes, Even sparks of fire make their escape. Out of its nostrils smoke goes forth, Like a furnace set aflame even with rushes. Its soul itself sets coals ablaze, And even a flame goes forth out of its mouth." - Job 41:18-21 NWT.


 * - If this a crocodile is the description intended to be hyperbole?


 * - If it really could literally breathe fire speculation here: was it caused from methane or another gas? and also included the usage of another mechanism to deliberately ignite: e.g., friction as with the quick grinding of teeth together, chemical: bioluminescence, etc., and electrical.
 * - See:
 * - (Job 3:8; 41; Psalm 74; 104:25, 26; Ezekiel 29:3-5; 32:2; Isaiah 27:1)
 * - An arrow can do damage to a crocodile.
 * - Used in parallelism with ...
 * - What aquatic serpentine-like creature has unbreakable armor and very sharp teeth?
 * - Leviathan is an enigmatic creature.


 * - Candidates:
 * - Unidentified creature.
 * - Sarcosuchus imperator?
 * - http://www.staabstudios.com/images/pre-10.jpg
 * - Does it fit the Hebrew verbal root "twisted, coiled"?


 * - Job Chapter 4
 * - Job Chapter 5
 * - Job Chapter 6
 * - Job Chapter 7
 * - Job Chapter 8
 * - Job Chapter 9
 * - Job Chapter 10
 * - Job Chapter 11
 * - Job Chapter 12
 * - Job Chapter 13
 * - Job Chapter 14
 * - Job Chapter 15
 * - Job Chapter 16
 * - Job Chapter 17
 * - Job Chapter 18
 * - Job Chapter 19
 * - Job Chapter 20
 * - Job Chapter 21
 * - Job Chapter 22
 * - Job Chapter 23
 * - Job Chapter 24
 * - Job Chapter 25
 * - Job Chapter 26
 * - Job Chapter 27
 * - Job Chapter 28
 * - Job Chapter 29
 * - Job Chapter 30
 * - Job Chapter 31
 * - Job Chapter 32
 * - Job Chapter 33
 * - Job Chapter 34
 * - Job Chapter 35
 * - Job Chapter 36
 * - Job Chapter 37
 * - Job Chapter 38
 * - Job Chapter 39
 * - Job Chapter 40
 * - Job Chapter 41
 * - Job Chapter 42

Israel in Egypt and the Exodus

 * - The Exodus.

- - - -
 * - When did this take place?


 * - 1737 B.C.E.
 * - Joseph is appointed vizier (prime minister) over Egypt.


 * - 1730 B.C.E.
 * - The foretold famine occur in Egypt and the Middle East


 * - 1723 B.C.E.
 * - The end of foretold seven year famine period.


 * - "A new king, one who did not know Joseph" (Exodus 1:8)


 * - 1593 B.C.E.
 * - Moses was born.


 * - 1553 B.C.E.
 * - Moses flees to Midian.


 * - 1514 B.C.E.
 * - Moses sees the burning bush.


 * - 1513 B.C.E.
 * - The ten plagues, Pharaoh's death and the Exodus.

- - - -
 * - Where did it take place?


 * - Egypt and Sinai.


 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102003110
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stations_list


 * - Sinai.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200004135?q=sinai&p=par


 * - Baal-Zephon (In Hebrew signifying: Master/owner/lord of the north). - Exodus 14:2, 9; Numbers 33:1-7.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000523?q=baal-zephon&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal-zephon


 * - Also see: (Baal-Zephon - Possibly Daphnae)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphnae


 * - Baal-Zephon - possibly Arsinoe, as suggested by Russell Gmirkin)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)
 * - http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9_7lSWFMCX4C&pg=PA232&dq=Baal-zephon&ei=4IiNSYyEEaaGzgTghrGOBQ&client=firefox-a#PPA233,M1
 * - Jebel Ataqah
 * - See:
 * - http://mapcarta.com/13065206


 * - Dophkah.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001212
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dophkah


 * - Etham. - Exodus 13:17, 20; Numbers 33:3-7, 8.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001433?q=etham&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etham


 * - Goshen, The land of. (The Septuagint identifies Goshen as being in the vicinity of the Wadi Tumilat) - Genesis 45-47; 50:8; Exodus 8:22; 9:26.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Goshen
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001745#h=0:0-3:496
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadi_Tumilat


 * - Kibroth-hattaavah
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002601
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibroth_Hattaavah


 * - Letopolis. - (Flavius Josephus)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esna


 * - Memphis (possibly).
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002976?q=memphis&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt


 * - Marah. - (Exodus 15:23; Numbers 33:8, 9)
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002897?q=marah&p=par
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marah_(Bible)


 * - Migdol (in Hebrew signifying: tower) . - Exodus 14:2; Numbers 33:5-8.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003045?q=migdol&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migdol
 * - (Midgol - Possibly Tjaru)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjaru


 * - Mount Hor. - '''Numbers 34:7, 8
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002071?q=hor&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hor


 * - Nile River. - Genesis 41:1-3, 17-18, Exodus 1:22; 2:3,5; 4:9.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003255?q=nile&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile


 * - Pihahiroth (In Hebrew (פְּנֵ֣י הַֽחִירֹ֔ת) signifying: "mouth of the canals"; conjectured Egyptian original, pr Ḥrt, House of (the Goddess) Heret). - (Exodus 13:20; 14:3; Numbers 33:7, 8).
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003484
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi-hahiroth
 * - (Pihahiroth - possibly Arsinoe, tentatively identified by the English lexicographer Sir William Smith, in his entitled: Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)


 * - Pithom. - Exodus 1:11.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003504?q=pithom&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithom


 * - On. - (Genesis 41:45, 50).
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003325
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliopolis_(ancient)


 * - Rameses. - Genesis 47:6, 11, Exodus 1:11; 12:37; Numbers 33:3-5.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003611


 * - Rephidim.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003698?q=rephidim&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephidim


 * - Rimmon-Perez.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003736?q=rimmon-perez&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimmon_Perez


 * - Succoth. - Exodus 12:37; 13:20.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200004256?q=succoth&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukkot_(place)


 * - Wilderness of Sin
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200004133?q=wilderness+of+sin&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilderness_of_Sin


 * - Wilderness of Sinai
 * - See:


 * - Thr Golden calf.
 * - Hathor.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor'
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_bull
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_calf


 * - Poisonous serpents (snakes).
 * - Spitting cobra.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spitting_cobra


 * - Mole viper.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractaspis_engaddensis


 * - Innes Cobra.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walterinnesia_aegyptia


 * - Burton's carpet viper.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echis_coloratus


 * - Scorpions.
 * - Deathstalker.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deathstalker


 * - Zoan. - (Psalm 78:12, 43).
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200004754?q=zoan&p=par
 * - "The city has been associated with Avaris, Pi-Ramesses, and Tanis" - Wikipedia
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoan
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites#Lower_Egypt_.28The_Nile_Delta.29

The Exodus - Background

 * - The book of Exodus engenders trust in the Bible.
 * - Exodus 9:31, 32 (Egyptian crops).
 * - Exodus 26:14  (Sealskins).
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001458?q=exodus&p=par
 * - http://creation.mobi/did-moses-really-write-genesis


 * - The Beni Hasan tomb painting (believed by some to dated to the 12th Dynasty)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beni_Hasan#Tomb_3_.28Khnumhotep_II.29


 * - 13th dynasty. - "Egyptian slave list" (Papyrus: Brooklyn 35.1446.) Which is an ancient list containing the names of slaves many are Semitic in origin) slave list dated to the reign of Pharaoh Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III. - (Problem is his reign is dated by scholars to circa 1755-1751, which is approximately 100 earlier than Joseph's death)


 * - 1737 B.C.E.
 * - Joseph became Prime Minster/Vizier of Egypt.


 * - Potipherah.
 * - "His name means "he whom Ra has given"." - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potipherah


 * - Famine Notes: signs of famine might not be obvious at first glance.


 * - These usual indicators of famine would probably not be expected in this particular instance:
 * - Drop in population (settlements and monuments abandoned etc).
 * - A sudden lack of animal bones in an area with the same carbon dating.
 * - A large number of human remains in one area all displaying the symptoms of starvation. (such as pitting in the eye sockets.)


 * - These indicators of a famine may lend support:


 * - Palynology examination of the time period (the study of the type and quantity of ancient pollen in sediments contemporaneous with the period of time)
 * - Geological layers showing a large amount of soil without any plant remains.
 * - Signs of climate deterioration-ie fertile land becoming much dryer or vice-versa, causing a drop in food production.


 * - Jacob/Israel enters Egypt - (1728 B.C.E.)


 * - Joseph is given the titles: "a father of pharaoh" (Genesis 45:8) which was also given to the vizier Yuya (circa 1390 B.C.E.) and is somewhat similar to the Egyptian title: "it-netjer," meaning "father of God", given to Ay and Aperel.
 * - See:
 * - https://www.google.ca/search?client=safari&hl=en&q=egyptian+%22God's+father%22&bav=on.2,or.r_cp.&bvm=bv.52164340,d.aWM,pv.xjs.s.en_US.CQsooEYev9Y.O&biw=768&bih=928&dpr=2&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=isch&source=og&sa=N&tab=wi&ei=JJ4yUqH_Dob-rAGkxoHwCQ#biv=i%7C6%3Bd%7C7pCvBKcW2xI8kM%3A
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ay
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperel
 * - Zaphnath-Paaneah (Genesis 41:45).
 * - http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081109021824AABu8V0


 * - It is possible that part of history of Joseph was credit to Imhotep instead as reflected in the famine stele at Sehel Island.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_Stela


 * - 1657 B.C.E.
 * - Joseph dies


 * - El-Lahun, an ancient Egyptian site. The site of El-Lahun is dated to believed to occupied during the 13th dynasty (circa "1802 B.C.E to around 1649 B.C.E." Wikipedia) and during the New Kingdom (Circa, "1550-1077 B.C.E")
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Lahun#Town_layout


 * - Tell_El-Dab'a/Avaris site: Hyksos.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origins_of_the_Hyksos
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_El-Dab'a


 * - Shutu
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutu


 * - Moses is born (1593 B.C.E.)


 * - 17th dynasty:


 * - 18th dynasty: (start of the New Kingdom):


 * - The Pharaoh of the Exodus begun his reign shortly before 1513 B.C.E.


 * - The Pharaoh was involved in construction work.


 * - Connected to two Egyptians "Jannes and Jambres" (Ieneni and Puimre?)


 * - The Pharaoh of the Exodus' contemporaries mummies might show signs of plague. (See: Thutmose II)


 * - The Pharaoh is predeceased by his firstborn. (Amenmose)


 * - The Pharaoh of the Exodus dies at during the spring of 1513 B.C.E.


 * - Possibly no mummy left. (Doctor Zahi Hawass' statement in 2007)


 * - Possibly named Thutmoses, based on Josephus' writings.


 * - Thutmose I (Pharaoh) - in my humble opinion is a candidate Pharaoh of the Exodus. ("Reign: were taken from the city of Memphis rather than from Thebes, would date his reign from 1526 B.C.E. to 1513 B.C.E" - Wikipedia.) which is based on "heliacal rising of Sothis."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_I
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_I#Dates_and_length_of_reign
 * - Disclaimer: I don't believe Josephus is the most reliable source of the Exodus). Josephus identified a Pharaoh named "Thutmosis" (Thutmose, Toth born) as the Pharaoh of the Exodus. The mummy once thought to be that of Thutmose I under closer examination in 2007, Dr. Zahi Hawass announced was not that of Pharaoh Thutmose I.
 * - See:
 * - http://archive.archaeology.org/online/features/hatshepsut/


 * - Baker, D. D. The Encyclopaedia of the Pharaohs (Volume 1), London 2008. Pages 463-467.
 * - Reeves, N. and Wilkinson, R. H. The Complete Valley of the Kings, London 1996. Pages 91-96.
 * - Dodson, A. and Hilton, D. The Complete Royal families of Ancient Egypt, London 2004.


 * - Ineni (Jannes? 2 Timothy 3:8, Jonathan Targum commentary at Exodus 7:11-8:19)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineni
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambres


 * - Puyemre, Second highest to the high priest of Amun. (Jambres? 2 Timothy 3:8, Jonathan Targum commentary at Exodus 7:11-8:19)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puimre
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambres


 * - Amenmose (the firstborn of Pharaoh Thutmose I and predeceased his father).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenmose_(prince)


 * - Thutmose II (Pharaoh) "he fell a victim to a disease of which the process of embalming could not remove the traces. The skin is scabrous in patches, and covered with scars," - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_II#Mummy - (a possible connection: Exodus 9:8-11?)
 * - http://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thutmose_II_mummy_head.png


 * - Brick making in Egypt (tomb of Rekhmire) : (Exodus 1:14; 5:10-14) See: the painting in the tomb of Rekhmire
 * - See:
 * - http://imgc.allpostersimages.com/images/P-473-488-90/37/3725/Q7SAF00Z/posters/painting-of-workers-making-bricks-from-the-tomb-of-rekhmire-thebes-egypt.jpg


 * - "Israelite house"
 * - See:
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=19&Issue=4&ArticleID=8


 * - An ancient Egyptian inscription: which seems possible referencing Israel earlier than the Merneptah.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/ancient-israel/does-the-merneptah-stele-contain-the-first-mention-of-israel/


 * - The Shasu:
 * - Reference to a Trans-Jordan people, maybe including e.g. the Amorites, maybe Ammonites, Edomites, Moabites, Midianites,, etc.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu


 * - The Ipuwer papyrus: dates to later than the 13th Century B.C.E. (1200's B.C.E.) no earlier than the 19th dynasty (circa, 1292-1182 B.C.E).
 * - There some debate whether is about the 10 plagues or not and date of it's original composition. Though the theory of it being link to the 10 plagues is conversational.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipuwer
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nineteenth_dynasty_of_Egypt


 * - Hazor. The Israelites make entry into land of Canaan at 1473 B.C.E. and a major conquest at 1467 B.C.E. (See: Hazor "burned" and "cultic objects that have been desecrated by the attackers.")


 * - Merneptah Stele: (his reigned circa, 1213-1203 B.C.E, the 19th Dynasty) which seems to refer to Israel after the Exodus
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merneptah_Stele


 * - Some critics like to highlight there is little evidence of early Israelite settlements. However, this is to be expected because from the Biblical record the Israelites were nomadic for long time.


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV Artapanus' writings (250 and 100 B.C.E.)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artapanus_of_Alexandria
 * - Eusebieus, and Josephus. (Problem: scholars dates his reign to 1740–1730, far to early for Moses to have been born)


 * - 'Egypt:'


 * - See:
 * - http://www.museumsector.gov.eg/
 * - http://www.zahihawass.com/home.htm
 * - http://www.thebanmappingproject.com/
 * - http://www.egypttoday.com/
 * - http://www.eais.org.eg/

-


 * - The claim: "Egypt has a continuous written history going back to about 3100 B.C.E." - Rationalwiki.org
 * - Biblical chronology points to 2269 B.C.E. at the earliest.

-


 * - Genesis 12:16 reveals allot insights into how the early Egyptians, which possessed: sheep, cattle, asses, menservants,  maidservants, she-asses,  camels.

-


 * - Understanding: Genesis 41:14.
 * - The Egyptian custom and etiquette of being clean shaven (usage of razors). - Genesis 41:14. (Compare with the book: "Everyday Life in Ancient Egypt, by Lionel Casson")

-


 * - Understanding: Genesis 43:32 ; 46:34:


 * - Dear...


 * - I am not aware of any particular stigma which the Ancient Egyptians attached to shepherds and animal husbandry played a significant role in the Egyptian economy. Sheep were closely associated with gods particularly the ram and Amun but were on occasion sacrificed although the sacrifice of goats was apparently more common. There were certain religious taboos regarding the eating of mutton and the wearing of woolen garments on account of the sacred associations of the sheep.
 * - Yours sincerely


 * - Derek Welsby,
 * - Duty curator.
 * - [Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan.]

-


 * - Yam-Suf: Reasons why it can be identified with the Red Sea.


 * - 1. The amount of water was sufficient enough to cover Pharaoh’s military forces and was corpses onto shore. – Exodus 14:28-30.


 * - 2. Both the Greek text of Septuagint and the Greek Christian scriptures (Acts 7:26; Hebrew 11:9) uses the term "erythra thalassa" – Compare with the historian Herodotus (5th B.C.E) usage of the same word and the book: A Greek-English Lexicon, by H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, revised.

-


 * - Time Periods (disclaimer: as divided as commonly divided by a modern scholars):


 * - "Neolithic Period".
 * - "Early Dynastic Period".
 * - "Old Kingdom".
 * - "First Intermediate Period".
 * - "Middle Kingdom".
 * - "Second Intermediate Period".
 * - "New Kingdom".
 * - "Late Period".
 * - "Graeco-Roman Period". (Macedonian Dynasty).
 * - "Zoser's ruler by followed by "Strong centralized government."
 * - "Rapid succession of rulers; country in decline"

- - - - - -
 * - Egyptian monarchs mentioned in the bible:
 * - The non-named:


 * - The Pharaoh who tried to take Sarah; Abraham’s wife; and half-sister. - (Genesis 12:15-20)


 * - The Pharaoh promoting Joseph’s rise to authority. - (Genesis 41:39-46).


 * - The Pharaoh (or pharaohs) within the period of great oppression of the Israelites prior to Moses’ return from the land Midian.


 * - The Pharaoh of the Exodus. (in my humble opinion should be a pharaoh that reigned between somewhere the 13-19 dynasty in Egypt; and not have a mummy)


 * - The Pharaoh; father of Bithiah, wife of Mered of the tribe of Judah - (1 Chronicles 4:18)


 * - The Pharaoh who gave asylum to Hadad of Edom in David’s time - (1 Kings 11:18-22)


 * - The father of Solomon’s Egyptian wife - (1 Kings 3:1).  ["Siamun may be the pharaoh who gave his daughter in marriage to Solomon"]


 * - The Pharaoh who struck down Gaza during the days of Jeremiah the prophet - (Jeremiah 47:1).

- - - -
 * - The named:


 * - In Hebrew: שישק Shishaq is commonly identified with Shoshonq I.
 * - Read:


 * - Pharaoh Tirhakah (תִּרְהָ֤קָה' Tirhaqah), some identified with the Pharaoh Taharqa.
 * - Read:
 * - 2 Kings 19:8, 9; Isaiah 37:8, 9


 * - Pharaoh So; attempts have been to identified him with Pharaoh Shabaka.
 * - Read:
 * - 2 Kings 17:3, 4


 * - Pharaoh Psamtik I; not mentioned in the Bible. However according an Assyrian inscription was a contemporary to Judean King Manasseh.
 * - Read:
 * - 'See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine_papyri
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine_papyri


 * - Pharaoh Hophra identified with Pharaoh Apries (in Egyptain: Wahibre Haaibre).
 * - Read:
 * - Jeremiah 44:1, 26, 29, 30


 * - Pharaoh Necho identified with Pharaoh Necho II.
 * - Read:
 * - 2 Chronicles 35:20–36:4; 2 Kings 23:29-35; 46:2

-


 * - Characters in the bible (1728 B.C.E.-1513 B.C.E.):


 * - Jacob. (There exists a scarab with the inscription of [Y‘qb-HR] probably be reconstructed as in its Semitic form) This is not an attempt to identify him as being the Bible patriarch Jacob. It does on the other hand show an asiatics living in Egypt using this name living in the delta.


 * - Joseph


 * - Potiphera (* - In the Cairo Museum there is a stele, a funeral pillar, procured in 1935, that has on it the name “Putiphar.”—Annales du service des antiquités de l’Égypte, Cairo, 1939, Vol. XXXIX, pp. 273-276. - Insight on the scriptures) This is not an attempt to identify him as the Biblical Potiphera.


 * - Moses.


 * - Aaron.


 * - Miraim.


 * - Jannes and Jambres. (Mentioned in the: 2 Timothy 3:8, 9. Non-Christian sources, such as Numenius, Pliny the Elder, Lucius Apuleius, a Qumran writing, the Targum of Jonathan, and several apocryphal writings all mention one or both of these men.
 * - Pharaoh of the Exodus.

-


 * - Circa 2269 B.C.E. Mizraim’s descendants migration into and populate the land of Egypt.


 * - 1737 B.C.E. Joseph appointed as the Prime Minister of Egypt by Pharaoh.


 * - 1728 B.C.E. Jacob with his whole family enter Egypt. [Question: Is "Hyksos" a specific people or somewhat of a generic term.]


 * - 'After 1600 B.C.E. Egypt attains prominence as first world power dominating the Israelites.


 * - '1513 B.C.E. Israelites leave Egypt; deliverance at the Red Sea Egypt’s power shaken. Army lead by Pharaoh


 * - The Amarna letters.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna_letters


 * - 993 B.C.E. Pharaoh Shishak invades Judah and takes treasures from the temple in Jerusalem.


 * - In both Israel and Egypt, archaeological inscriptions have confirmed that Shishak indeed conquered Israel.


 * - An inscription records that his son donated about some 200 tons of gold and silver to the temples of Egypt. The inscription does not reveal the source of this wealth.


 * - “Much of it was the gold which Shishak carried away from Solomon’s Temple and palace in Jerusalem.” - Treasures From Bible Times, by the archaeologist Alan Millard.


 * - Yohanan Aharoni (expert on King Solomon)... example given by Aharoni is the evidence of solid city walls built with large stones “cut into oblong, rectangular blocks, fitted together with precision.” In contrast, in countries neighboring Israel, parts of the city walls “were made of brick and wood.”


 * - Furthermore, cities rebuilt at about the time of Solomon give evidence of careful planning, with neat lines of houses and carefully laid-out streets. Aharoni analyzes the ruins of “four towns in Judah built according to the same fundamental plan . . . Beer-sheba, Tell Beit Mirsim, Beth-shemesh, and Mizpah.” How this contrasts with another great center of civilization—the earlier Mesopotamian city of Ur! Respecting it, Sir Leonard Woolley wrote: “There had been no attempt at town-planning . . . The unpaved streets, many of them blind alleys . . . formed a maze in which it would have been easy to lose one’s way.”


 * - Aharoni also comments on the improvement in household utensils about the time of Solomon’s reign. “The change in material culture . . . is discernible not only in luxury items but also especially in ceramics . . . The quality of the pottery and its firing improved beyond all recognition . . . There suddenly appeared a rich repertoire of various types of vessels.”


 * - The most glorious feature of Solomon’s reign was the magnificent temple, the palace, and the government buildings in Jerusalem. A vast quantity of gold was used to decorate these structures. (1 Kings 7:47-51; 10:14-22) Five years after Solomon’s death, Pharaoh Shishak of Egypt came and stripped Jerusalem of its treasure.—1 Kings 14:25, 26.


 * - In both Egypt and Palestine, archaeological inscriptions confirm that Shishak indeed conquered Israel. In fact, many historians acknowledge that Shishak’s plunder of Jerusalem revived a weak Egyptian economy and enabled Shishak to finance the massive enlargement of an Egyptian temple on which he recorded his conquest, as seen on this page. Shishak died soon afterward, and another inscription records that his son donated about 200 tons of gold and silver to the temples of Egypt. The inscription does not reveal the source of this wealth, but archaeologist Alan Millard, in his book Treasures From Bible Times, suggests that “much of it was the gold which Shishak carried away from Solomon’s Temple and palace in Jerusalem.”


 * - 'Even an atheistic source acknowledged the reality of Solomon’s glorious reign.' Bol’shaia Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia (Great Soviet Encyclopedia), under its entry “Solomon,” calls him “ruler of the Israelite-Judean kingdom,” adding that he ruled during “the kingdom’s zenith.”

-


 * - "The Field of Zoan" - Numbers 13:22; Psalm 78:12, 43.
 * - Goshen. - Genesis 45-47.
 * - On. - (Inu/Heliopolis) Genesis 41:45, 50.
 * - Pithom, storage city - (Pi-Atum?) - Exodus 1:11.
 * - Raamases - Exodus 1:11.
 * - Nile. - Genesis 41.


 * - Pattern: Locations seem to all be in what is known as Lower Egypt/Northern Egypt

-


 * - "Information to help narrow our search on the candidates for the Pharaoh of the Exodus"


 * - Male. - Exodus 5:22.
 * - Likely was resided at Memphis at the time.
 * - In association with two men named: Jannes and Jambres. (2 Timothy 3:8)
 * - His firstborn died before his expedition after the Israelites.
 * - Drown at the Red Sea.
 * - Died during the month of Nisan (Spring time).
 * - Egypt left totally devastated.

-


 * - Mummies: "Thank you for your e-mail. Although the mummies of these rulers have not been located, information concerning the burials and mummies etc. of Shoshonq I, Taharqo, Shabaqo, Psamtik I, Apries and Necho II (Nekau II) may be found in the following references:


 * - S. Ikhram and A. Dodson 1998. The Mummy in Ancient Egypt. Equipping the Dead for Eternity. London.
 * - K. Kitchen. 1986. The Third Intermediate Period in Egypt (110-650BC). Warminster.
 * - D. Dunham. 1950. The royal cemeteries of Kush I. el-Kurru. Boston.
 * - D. Dunham. 1955. The royal cemeteries of Kush II. Nuri. Boston.
 * - A. Dodson and S. Ikhram. 2008. The tomb in Ancient Egypt. London.
 * - Apries is reputed to have been buried at Sais, however his tomb has not been located.

Sincerely Julie
 * - I hope this is of assistance.

Assistant Keeper (Curator) Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan The British Museum"
 * - Dr Julie Anderson

-


 * - Thutmose I: "His reign is generally dated from 1506 to 1493 BC, but a minority of scholars, who feel that astrological observations used to calculate the timeline of ancient Egyptian records and thus the reign of Thutmose I, were taken from the city of Memphis rather than from Thebes, would date his reign from 1526 BC to 1513 BC" - Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_I#See_also


 * - "His eldest son Amenmose died of unknown causes shortly before his own death in 1513."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenmose_(prince)

-


 * - Carbon-dating Egyptian artifacts
 * - See:
 * - http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2010/100618.html

-


 * - Genesis 37:28
 * - Price of a slave.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html


 * - Genesis 37:36
 * - Asenath (Ns-Nt, New Kingdom )
 * - See:
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html


 * - Genesis 39:4
 * - "Over the house."
 * - See:
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html


 * - Genesis 39:20
 * - Prison.


 * - Genesis 41:14
 * - Shaving.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_shaving


 * - Genesis 41:18-21
 * - Possible association to Hathor.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html


 * - The Famine Stela: Location Sehel (24.05, 32.866667)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famine_Stela


 * - Genesis 41:33
 * - The Pharaoh had political domain "over all the land of Egypt".


 * - Genesis 41:42
 * - Ring, fine linen, gold collar given to Joseph.
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html
 * - http://www.123rf.com/photo_15461279_ancient-egyptian-bas-relief-carving-showing-the-pharaoh-seti-i-holding-a-gold-collar-style-necklace-.html


 * - Genesis 50:2
 * - Jacob embalmed.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html


 * - Exodus 1:22 - The king simply referred to by the title Pharaoh.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html
 * - "Seventy days"
 * - See:
 * - http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummification


 * - Exodus 1:1 - Mitzrayim (It is theoretical signified: Two Egypts, upper and lower. However this is conjecture.)
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html
 * - http://www.ancient-hebrew.org/emagazine/011.html


 * - Exodus 3:18 - Time off for worship
 * - See: Louvre Leather Roll 1274).
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html

the tomb of Rekhmire (18th dynasty Egypt)
 * - Exodus 5:11 - Mixing straw with the clay for bricks. - See: "Louvre leather scroll 1274" (during the 5th year of reign of Rameses II) and
 * - See:
 * - http://www.aish.com/ci/sam/48967121.html


 * - Egyptologists are changing the timeline of early Egypt to later
 * - See:
 * - http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-23947820


 * - Numbers 11:5 – Cucumbers
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucumber


 * - Numbers 11:5 - Watermelon
 * - "Evidence of its cultivation in the Nile Valley has been found from the second millennium B.C.E onward. Watermelon seeds have been found at Twelfth Dynasty sites and in the tomb of Pharaoh Tutankhamun." - Wikipedia (Zohary, Daniel and Hopf, Maria (2000) Domestication of Plants in the Old World, third edition, Oxford University Press, p. 193, ISBN 0-19-850357-1.)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watermelon


 * - Numbers 11:5 – Leeks
 * - “Dried specimens from archaeological sites in ancient Egypt, as well as wall carvings and drawings, led Zohary and Hopf to conclude the leek was a part of the Egyptian diet from at least the second millennium B.C.E. onwards.” – Wikipedia
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leek


 * - Numbers 11:5 – Onions
 * - “Archaeological and literary evidence such as the Book of Numbers 11:5 suggests that onions were probably being cultivated around two thousand years later in ancient Egypt, at the same time that leeks and garlic were cultivated. Workers who built the Egyptian pyramids may have been fed radishes and onions.The onion is easily propagated, transported and stored. The ancient Egyptians worshipped it, believing its spherical shape and concentric rings symbolized eternal life. Onions were even used in Egyptian burials, as evidenced by onion traces being found in the eye sockets of Ramesses IV.” – Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onion
 * - http://www.maajournal.com/Issues/2011/pdf/Maksoud.pdf


 * - Numbers 11:5 – Garlic
 * - “It was known to Ancient Egyptians, and has been used for both culinary and medicinal purposes.” “Garlic has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years, dating at least as far back as when the Giza pyramids were built. Garlic is still grown in Egypt, but the Syrian variety is the kind most esteemed now (see Rawlinson's Herodotus, 2.125).” – Wikipedia.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garlic

- - - -
 * - Egyptian words:


 * - Aseneth - (Genesis 41:45, 50-52; 46:20)
 * - '''See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neith


 * - Goshen? (Disclaimer: "Though many have searched for an Egyptian meaning to Goshen, it seems that there is only meaning through Hebrew, as if it were a word meaningful only to the Hebrews who settled there. The ancient rabbis who divided the Torah into weekly portions emphasized that they saw the name Goshen as connected to the verb NaGaSh (נִגַּשׁ), to approach.[citation needed] The Torah portion (Genesis 44:18—47:27) in which Goshen is first mentioned is known by its first Hebrew word, vaYi(n)gash, וַיִּגַּשׁ" - Wikipedia) - (Genesis 45:10; 46:28, 29; 47:27; Exodus 8:22; 9:26)
 * - Ḳosem? or Qas?
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Goshen#Meaning_of_Name


 * - The City of On - (Genesis 41:45, 50)
 * -Egyptian: Iunu or Āwanu Hebrew: Ôn (אן) or Āwen (און)


 * - Pharaoh - (Genesis 12:15)
 * - "Courtier of the High House"
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh#Etymology


 * - Pithom - (Exodus 1:1)
 * - (meaning: "House/Temple] of Atum" in Egyptian)


 * - Potiphera - (Genesis 41:45, 50; 46:20)


 * - Raamses - (Exodus 1:1)
 * - (meaning: ""Born of the Ra" in Egyptian )


 * - Reeds - (...)
 * - (Hebrew: suf. Egyptain: Twf).


 * - Moses? - (...)
 * - (Hebrew: mosheh "drawn out," Egyptian: mose "born").


 * - It is uncertain Moses may be an Egyptian name. Not yet fully determined whether the name Moses was Egyptian or Hebrew in origin, or if chosen on purpose, having deep meaning in both languages. Moses - Moshe seems to probably derived from a Hebrew verb (Masheh): "to draw." Mose also was name in Egyptian meaning: "born" usually used as a suffix. - E.g., Kamose (bull born) Ahmose (Iah Born) and Thutmose (Thoth borned). A name commonly appearing in the 18th Dynasty.


 * - Egyptain chariot.
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariotry_in_ancient_Egypt
 * - http://www.notechmagazine.com/2010/08/ferraris-of-ancient-egypt.html
 * - http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/pharaoh-chariot.html


 * - Then an estimated 3 million left Egypt. 
 * - If anyone thought splitting the red sea was impossible. Remember that first God created everything including the forces of nature. And secondly even humans can duplicate something similar with current technology on a small scale.
 * - See: the "Moses effect"
 * - http://www.cm.ph.bham.ac.uk/grants/fluxlinesgrant/moses_effect.html
 * - See: Wikipedia discussion on the Red Sea crossing
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_of_the_Red_Sea
 * - Looking for signs of national chaos or collapse.

-- --
 * - Critics

Egyptian record keeping: Some critics have used an argument of silence. Look at what happened to the records of Queen Hatshepsut. We have to ask ourselves too, of what benefit would for Egyptians to have keep those records? (Exodus 1:10; 14:5) Fear and pride controlled much of ancient Egyptian record keeping.


 * - There are records that very well could be support the Israelites in Egypt and there Exodus out of Egypt. We don't know exactly what we have. The archaeological record is fragmentary and most of it is open to interpretation and debate. This user notes that each ruler was different. Although losses were occasionally mentioned they seem to be the to exception not the norm. Case in point: The records of Pharaoh Queen Hatshepsut and Pharaoh Akhenaten.

Edom: Critics have claimed "Edom was not yet a nation." "The place the Hebrews stop at wasn't even built until 800 B.C.E." However, "a letter from an Egyptian scribe at a border fortress in the Wadi Tumilat during the reign of Merneptah reports movement of nomadic "shasu-tribes of Edom ('ydwma' or (Aduma')" to watering holes in Egyptian territory." - Wikipedia. - (Wikipedia dates his reign to 1213-1203 B.C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edom#Archaeological_references
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu

The Israelite are not Canaanites! The Bible and written historical records and as the Israelite's own oral tradition clearly state they were not descendants of the Canaanites. The Merneptah ("Israel") stele seems to lend weight to this. "Israel" is not given the determinative glyphs for a city/place. Instead this stele gave "Israel" the determinative glyphs identifying Israel as then foreign (possibly implying a nomadiac) people. It does add up if the Israelites were the supposed Canaanites city dwellers who overthrew their local leadership.

Ancient Near Eastern countries were for noted their pride-inspiring propaganda. They frequently boosted about their accomplishments and did virtually everything possible to hide embarrassment. The question arises: why would the Israelites (an Ancient Near East people) identify themselves a nation who as the descended from slaves?

The Exodus out of Egypt was accepted as a real historical event by the early Bible believing Christians: The book of Exodus, 1 Samuel 2:27; Psalms 78:12; 80; 81; Nehemiah 9:9-21 and Acts 7:8-42; Romans 9:15-17; Hebrews 11:22-29.

The Ten Plagues

 * - 1. Nile and Egyptian water supply turned into blood.
 * - Disgraced: Khnum their creator god and Hapi the Nile god and Taweret (associated with the Nile river and fertility) and Hatmehit the fish god.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuket
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khnum
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapi_(Nile_god)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taweret
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatmehit


 * - See:
 * - Psalm 105:29

-


 * - 2. Frogs.
 * - Disgraced: Heket (An Egyptain Goddess, symbolized by the frog which "was a symbol of life and fertility" – Wikipedia).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heket
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serket


 * - See:
 * - Psalms 105:29

-


 * - 3. Gnats. ("could be translated as lice, gnats, or fleas." - Wikipedia)
 * - Disgraced: Geb and Thoth (the Egyptain deity associated with magical arts).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serket


 * - See:
 * - Psalm 105:31

-


 * - 4. Gadflies.
 * - Disgraced: Ptah and Thoth (the Egyptain deity associated with magical arts).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serket


 * - See:
 * - Psalm 105:31

-


 * - 5. Livestock.
 * - Disgraced: Hathor (symbolized by a bow) and Apis (symbolized by a bull).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathor
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(god)


 * - See:

-


 * - 6. Boils.
 * - Disgraced: Thoth (the Egyptain deity associated with magical arts), Isis ("Goddess of health, marriage, and wisdom" - Wikipedia), and Ptah ( creation, the arts, fertility and of craftsmen), Imhotep (a man deified after death as the deity of medicine and healing), and Bastet (f cats, protection, joy, dance, music, and love).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoth
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptah
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imhotep#Deification
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bast_(mythology)#History_and_connection_to_other_gods


 * - See:
 * - Deuteronomy 28:27

-


 * - 7. Thunder and hail (and lightning)
 * - Ruined their crops of vines, sycamore trees and fig trees.
 * - Disgraced: Reshpu, Horus (Egyptain Sky god), Set and Shu.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshpu
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus#Sky_god
 * - http://ancientegypt.wikia.com/wiki/Set
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_deity)


 * - See:
 * - Psalm 78:45; 105:32, 33

-


 * - 8. Locusts.
 * - Disgraced: Set (crops) and Min.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geb
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(god)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serket


 * - See:

-


 * - 9. Three days of darkness.
 * - Disgraced: Ptah (the supposed creator e.g., sun, moon, and all sources of light), Khepri (mourning sun), Ra (midday sun; and Amon-Ra the sun), Amun (evening) as well as Horus (sky, light) the deity whom the Pharaoh was viewed to be the living incarnation of. []
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepri
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun-ra
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horus#Sky_god
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_(goddess)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet


 * - See:

-


 * - 10. Firstborn dies.
 * - Disgraced: Ra, Wadjet and by extension Horus because Pharaoh himself was viewed as the living incarnation of the Horus. - []
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isis
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wadjet
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekhbet
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh


 * - See:

-


 * - Egyptian chariots.
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chariotry_in_ancient_Egypt
 * - The Pharaoh of the Exodus might have worn a blue crown during his attempted attack of the Israelites.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khepresh


 * - Shamed and exposed Egyptian deities of war including: the Egyptian gods: Horus and the Egyptians goddesses: Neith, Sekhmet as powerless.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_war_deities
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neith
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekhmet
 * - Shamed and exposed the deities regarded as protectors of Pharaoh and Egypt:
 * - Shamed and exposed Pharaoh.
 * - Shamed and exposed Pharaoh.


 * - The were approximately 2-3 million people, approximately 600,000 adult males, and with assuming an approximate 600,000 females, plus young children of various ages (some would have to have been carried).


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anhur


 * - It shamed and exposed their war god and Levantian god Ba'al, showing the One True God Jehovah is the Almighty, the Most Powerful, the One who has control over the Sea (Chaos) and the who can deliver His people.

The Exodus, The Biblical Mount Sinai:

 * - Information on Mount Sinai


 * - Also known as:
 * - Horeb
 * - Hebrew meaning: 'Dry waste'?; Sword?.
 * - Read:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Horeb

-


 * - '''Exodus 3:1-15,


 * - Exodus 3:1: "Moses became a shepherd of the flock of his father-in-law Jethro, the priest of Midian. While he was leading the flock to the west side of the wilderness, he eventually came to the mountain of the true God, to Horeb."
 * - "shepherd(ing the) flock."
 * - “west side of the wilderness.”

-


 * - Exodus 18:1
 * - "Now Jethʹro the priest of Midʹi·an, Moses’ father-in-law, heard about all that God had done for Moses and for his people Israel, how Jehovah had brought Israel out of Egypt."

-


 * - Exodus 18:5-7
 * - "So Jethʹro, Moses’ father-in-law, along with Moses’ sons and his wife, came to Moses into the wilderness where he was camping at the mountain of the true God. Then he sent word to Moses: “I, your father-in-law Jethʹro, am coming to you with your wife and her two sons.” At once Moses went out to meet his father-in-law, and he bowed down and kissed him. Each of them asked about the other’s welfare, and then they went into the tent."

-


 * - Exodus 18:27
 * - “After that Moses saw his father-in-law off, and he went his way to his land."

-


 * - Exodus 33:

-


 * - Numbers 10:29-31:
 * - "Then Moses said to Hobab the son of Reuel the Midianite, the father-in-law of Moses: “We are setting out for the place about which Jehovah said, ‘I will give it to you.’ Do come with us, and we will treat you well, because Jehovah has promised good things for Israel.” 30 But he said to him: “I will not go. I will return to my own country and to my relatives.” 31 At this he said: “Please do not leave us, for you know where we should camp in the wilderness, and you can serve as our guide."

-


 * - '''Deuteronomy; 1 Kings 19:4, 8, 9;

-


 * - In Beer-Sheba, in Judah.

-


 * - Went into the wilderness a day’s journey.

-


 * - for forty days and nights as far as the: Mount Horeb.

-


 * - First Century Jewish Historian (Yosef Ben Matithyahu) Flavius Josephus said: "Moses went up to a mountain that lay between Egypt and Arabia, which was called Sinai..."

-


 * - Psalms 105:41.

-


 * - In the wilderness of Sinai.

-


 * - Galatians 4:25, “this Ha´gar means Si´nai, a mountain in Arabia,” Note that Arabia in this context, can refer to a broader place; extending outside the Arabian peninsula.

-


 * - Date of the Exodus - According to biblical chronology: 1513 B.C.E. A point of evidence providing a sound basis for this the Solomon's reign.

-


 * - "Chronological statements harmonize with and substantiate this viewpoint. Solomon began the building of the temple in his fourth year of kingship (1034 B.C.E.), and this is stated at 1 Kings 6:1 to be “the four hundred and eightieth year” from the time of the Exodus (1513 B.C.E.)." - Insight on the scriptures, volume one.

-


 * - "The 400-year period of affliction thus ran from 1913 B.C.E. until 1513 B.C.E." - Insight on the scriptures, volume one.

-


 * - "But in June 1990, in the ruins of the ancient port city of Ashkelon, Israel, a team of archaeologists unearthed a 5-inch-long [12.5 cm] calf made of bronze, copper, and possibly lead and silver. The bronze was apparently burnished to shine like gold. Lawrence Stager, the director of the team, feels that the calf dates back to 1550 B.C.E. before the Israelites conquered Canaan"

-


 * - Points to consider:


 * - It was across (Ease) from the Red Sea (gulf of Suez)
 * - Read:


 * - It outside (or West) of Midian (the gulf of aqaba).
 * - Read:
 * - Exodus 3:1-15, 18:1,5-7, 27; 33


 * - It was a high mountain.
 * - Exodus 19:16-24:4; 24:17; 32:1, 7-18, 19, Deuteronomy 9:17
 * - Also see:
 * - Flavius Josephus...


 * - It was an 11 day journey for the Israelites from Sinai to Kadesh Barnea.
 * - Note this description does not mention the means of transportation (logical it was on foot)
 * - Read:
 * - Deuteronomy 1:2


 * - It was a 40 day's journey away from Beer-Sheba to Sinai for Elijah.
 * - Read:
 * - 1 Kings 19


 * - 10-15 kilometer per day for Israelites walking during the Exodus.
 * - Read:


 * - 32-48 Kilometers. If Elijah walked the whole way.
 * - Read:

-


 * - Biblical Mount Sinai articule.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Mount_Sinai


 * - Arabia Petra territory.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabia_Petraea


 * - Jebel Katherina.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Catherine


 * - Jebel Musa.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Sinai


 * - Jebel Serbal.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Serbal

The Exodus, "The Land Of Milk And Honey":

 * - "3,000-year old (tenth century) apiary in the Iron Age city of Tel Rehov in the Jordan Valley." Tel Rehov in Israel's Beth Shean Valley. The bees were possibly imported from Turkey.
 * - Read:
 * - Exodus 3:8
 * - See:
 * - http://articles.latimes.com/2010/jun/08/science/la-sci-ancient-bees-20100608
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=6&ArticleID=17


 * - Anatolian honey bee (Apis mellifera anatoliaca).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_mellifera_anatoliaca


 * - Western honey bee (Apis mellifera).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_honey_bee


 * - Bee keeping.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beekeeping


 * - Honey.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honey


 * - Hebrew phrases:


 * - Nofeth:
 * - Flowing honey, or comb honey.
 * - Devash:
 * - May refer bee honey and also fruit syrup.

After The Exodus, "The Ark Of The Covenant:"

 * - Historically speaking, many groups of people have attempted to legitimatize themselves by means trying to link themselves to the ark of the covenant.


 * - Philistines
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistine_captivity_of_the_Ark
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_covenant#Capture_by_the_Philistines


 * - Judeans, Samaritans, Ethiopian Orthodox Church.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_covenant#Ethiopia


 * - The Lemba people.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ark_of_the_covenant#Southern_Africa
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemba_people


 * - Gold does not tarish or corroad.

--- --- --- ---
 * - 1513 B.C.E. - After The Exodus: The Mosiac Law:


 * - Introduction:


 * - Before we discuss the Mosiac law a few things should be noted: Jehovah could be consulted and intervene in judicial matters - (Deuteronomy 1:17, 18); there were no jails or prisons like there are today in the Levant in ancient times. The were forts, which were sparse and very expensive to build these were used to protect a few large cities and their water supplies in a few weak spots from oncoming invaders. Second the Mosaic law was just a temporary system, and in was some ways 'extreme' in a way to emphasize sin and the need of a redeemer, and was exclusive to God's chosen people at the time who were contracted in this covenant.


 * - Read:
 * - Jeremiah 31:31-34; Matthew 9:17; 19:8; Galatians 3:13; Colossians 2:14


 * - Circumcision:
 * - "Eighth day" (see: Vitamin K and Prothrombin present at the 8th day)
 * - Read:
 * - Genesis 21:4


 * - Compensation:
 * - Read:
 * - Leviticus 6:1-7; Exodus 22:1-12


 * - Ethnics:
 * - For example:
 * - Leviticus 19:18
 * - "You must not take vengeance nor hold a grudge against the sons of your people, and you must love your fellow man as yourself. I am Jehovah." – (NWT, 2013)


 * - Evidence-based convictions:
 * - Cases needed more than one witness to have a conviction, two or three witnesses to establish a conviction (Deuteronomy 19:15)
 * - Judges were commanded to "thoroughly investigate" (Deuteronomy 19:18)
 * - Read:
 * - Deuteronomy 19:15, 18


 * - Eyewitness testimony:
 * - 
 * - Read:


 * - Health code:
 * - Unclean period after touching dead bodies.
 * - Read:
 * - Numbers 19:11-22; Leviticus 11:24, 25, 35-38
 * - “For instance, laws requiring the burying of human waste, the quarantining of the sick, and the washing of anyone who touched a dead body were many centuries ahead of the times.
 * - See:
 * - Leviticus 13:4-8; Numbers 19:11-13, 17-19; Deuteronomy 23:13, 14


 * - Meat killed by animals
 * - Read:
 * - Exodus 22:31


 * - Fat of the meat
 * - Read:
 * - Leviticus 7:23


 * - Gleaning
 * - A welfare provision which prevented poverty
 * - Read:
 * - Leviticus 19; Deuteronomy 23:24, 25; 24:21, 22


 * - Jubilees:
 * - Prevented poverty and balanced the economy.
 * - Read:
 * - Leviticus 25


 * - Morality:
 * - 1) The law did not allow men to sex with:
 * - Women they were not married to (including captive women who were already married!)
 * - 2) Their: mothers, step-mothers, aunts, sisters, half-sisters, step-sisters, daughters, step-daughters, daughter-in-laws, daughters of daughter-in-laws, granddaughters, step-granddaughters, sister-in-laws (if the brother was still alive), the sisters of their wives while their espouse was still alive, etc (Leviticus 18).
 * - This system prevented women from being exploited and sexually abused.
 * - Read:
 * - Leviticus 18


 * - No jails
 * - One thing about the law covenant was there were no jails. This would not disadvantage the nation with a tax burden. Additionally, it did not enable a means to allow bad influences to further corrupt themselves and other and also prevented abuses/injustices prevalent in the jail systems.


 * - Prostitution:
 * - Prostitution (sex exploitation) was illegal.
 * - Children, men and women were not to be exploited for sexual/molested purposes. No tolerance in the law for sex abuse and exploitation.
 * - Deuteronomy 23:17, 18


 * - Rich vs. Poor Equality:
 * - <More to come>
 * - Read:
 * - Exodus 23:6


 * - Safety:
 * - E.g. Parapets for roofs were required, for safety purposes.
 * - Deuteronomy 22:8


 * - Slavery:
 * - <More to come>


 * - Treatment of animals:
 * - Read:
 * - Deuteronomy 22:4, 10
 * - <More to come>


 * - Warfare:
 * - Restrict to set area...
 * - Required to announced "terms of peace" beforehand, making guerrilla warfare forbidden - (Deuteronomy 20:10-15)
 * - No army of child soldiers - (Numbers 1:2, 3)
 * - No forced conscription - (Deuteronomy 20:5-8)
 * - Had to respect the environment and food supplies from trees - (Deuteronomy 20:19, 20)
 * - Read:
 * - Numbers 1:2, 3; Deuteronomy 20:5-8, 10-15, 19-20


 * - Workers rights:
 * - Read:
 * - Deuteronomy 23:15, 16
 * - <More to come>


 * - Violent and brutal assault (can include: scourging and even murder) parents
 * - Exodus 21:15


 * - Cases of Mercy/exceptions:


 * - King David
 * - Deuteronomy 17:14-20


 * - King David and his men
 * - Matthew 12:3, 4


 * - King Manasseh​ (an example of a case of extreme forgiveness), King Uzziah
 * - Deuteronomy 17:14-20


 * - The Priests violate Sabbath, Gomer, even the majority of Israelite Nation which repeatedly apostatized.
 * - '''Malachi 3:7)

---


 * - Mosiac law vs. ancient law (including Hammurabi)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi
 * - Mosiac law vs. barbaric Islamic Sharia
 * - Mosiac law vs. Modern Law


 * - Exodus till the time period of Joshua


 * - The tablernacle.
 * - See: replica in Timna, Israel
 * - https://www.google.ca/search?q=tabernacle+replica&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&hl=en&client=safari#hl=en&q=tabernacle+model+timna&biv=i%7C0%3Bd%7CW0cXKjSIgD352M%3A


 * - King Og
 * - Read:
 * - Deuteronomy 1:4; 3:1-13; 4:47; 20:7; 3:4; Numbers 21:33; Joshua 2:10; 9:10; 12:4; 13:12, 30, 31; Psalms 135:11; 136:20; 1 Kings 4:19; Nehemiah 9:22
 * - An inscription mentioning a person named Og, saying that: "the mighty Og will avenge me."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og#Og_in_non-Biblical_inscriptions


 * - A dolmen: "1918, Gustav Dalman discovered in the neighborhood of Amman Jordan (Amman is built on the ancient city of Rabbah of Ammon) a noteworthy dolmen which matched the approximate dimensions of Og's bed as described in the Bible." - Wikipedia, under Og - Location: Amman, Jordan.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.doa.jo

-


 * - The city of Ai:
 * - Read:
 * - Joshua 7-8
 * - Identified as probably either Et-Tell what is now Kirbet el-Maqatir. Probably the Kirbet el-Maqatir site.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ai_(Bible)


 * - Hazor:
 * - Archaeological evidence Hazor was burned.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Hazor#cite_note-8
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/a-3-400-year-old-mystery-who-burned-the-palace-of-canaanite-hatzor-1.453095


 * - Hazor palace archives yet to be discovered.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/08/12/e2809cLB-Palace-Here-We-Come!e2809d-Reflections-on-the-2010-Season-at-Hazor.aspx


 * - "Nevertheless, one archaeological stratum, dating from around 1200 BC, shows signs of catastrophic fire, and cuneiform tablets found at the site refer to monarchs named Ibni Addi, where Ibni may be the etymological origin of Yavin (Jabin)"
 * - Hebrew: 'YBN (Yabin) compare with YBNI (Ibni).
 * - Read:
 * - Joshua 11:1-14; 12:7, 19


 * - Jericho:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.jw.org/en/publications/magazines/w20151115/siege-of-jericho/


 * - https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/MAGAZINE-have-camps-built-by-the-ancient-israelites-migrating-to-canaan-been-fo-1.6432817

Canaanite religion

 * - The Canaanite religion:
 * - The Canaanite religion was very dark it was a Satanic religion characterized the perverse, rituals of human sacrifice (infants), black magic, necromancy, sex rites and bodily mortification.


 * - Check out:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaanite_religion
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_cycle


 * - Anat.
 * - Check out:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anat


 * - Asherah/Ashtoreth.
 * - Check out:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astarte


 * - Baal. - 1 Kings 18:21
 * - Check out:
 * - Ugaritic text depicts, Ba'al as offering his own servants to save his skin, in contrast, Our Lord Jesus laid his own life down for us.
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Cycle


 * - Dagon. - Judges 16:23; 1 Samuel 5:1-8; 1 Chronicles 10:10
 * - Check out:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagon


 * - Molech. - (meaning, King)
 * - Check out:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloch


 * - Melqart. - (Flavius Josephus)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melqart


 * - Mount Zephon.
 * - Check out:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Aqraa


 * - Sex symbols were used comparable to Hinduism's lingam (male symbol) and Yoni (female symbol) veneration:
 * - The "sacred pillar." - (representing the masculine).
 * - Read:
 * - Exodus 23:24; 34:13; 1 Kings 14:23...
 * - The "sacred pole." - (representing the feminine).
 * - Read:
 * - Deuteronomy 16:21; Judges 6:26; 1 Kings 15:13
 * - Check out:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asherah_pole
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva_lingam
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallus
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni


 * - "Sacred prostitution" for sex magic.
 * - Read:
 * - Deuteronomy 23:17, 18; 1 Kings 14:24; 15:11, 12; 22:46; 23:7; Hosea 4:14
 * - Check out:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_prostitution
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_magic


 * - Body mortification.
 * - Read:
 * - 1 Kings 18:28
 * - Check out:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh


 * - Read:
 * - (Leviticus 18:21; 20:2; Deuteronomy 12:31; 18:10; 2 Kings 16:3; 17:17; 21:6 (King Manasseh); 21:10; 2 Chronicles 33:6; Psalm 106:37; Isaiah 57:5; Ezekiel 16:20, 21; 20:26; 31; Jeremiah 7:31; 19:5; 32:35).
 * - The Canaanites performed rituals of humans sacrifice.


 * - Bible Writers who referenced it include:


 * - Ezra, the Scribe: ‘Ezra Has-Sofer (writing of the second book of Chronicles was completed at 460 B.C.E.).
 * - Read:
 * - 2 Chronicles 33:6


 * - Ezekiel, the prophet:
 * - Yehezqel (Han-Navi) ben-Buzi (Hak-Kohen) - (Date: 613 B.C.E. - 591 B.C.E.)
 * - Read:
 * - Ezekiel 16:20, 21; 20:26; 31


 * - Isaiah: Yesh‘ayahu (Han-Navi) ben-'Amos. - (Date: 778 B.C.E. - after 732 B.C.E.).
 * - Read:
 * - Isaiah 57:5


 * - Jeremiah:
 * - Yirmĭyahu (Han-Navi) ben Chilqiyah (Hak-Kohen) - (Date: 647 B.C.E - 580 B.C.E.)
 * - Read:
 * - Jeremiah 7:31; 19:5; 32:35 (possibly: 2 Kings 16:3; 17:17; 21:6)


 * - Moses:
 * - Mōshéh ben-‘Amrām (Hal-Lēwi)
 * - Read:
 * - Leviticus 18:21; 20:2; Deuteronomy 12:31; 18:10 - (Date: 1512 B.C.E.)


 * - Unidentified Psalmist: the writer who recorded the 106th Psalm. - (the book of Psalms was completed circa 460 B.C.E).
 * - Read:
 * - Psalm 106:37


 * - Later Sources:


 * - Cleitarchus: Greek historian (one of the historians of Alexander the Great.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleitarchus


 * - Plutarch: Greek historian who became a Roman Citizen: (circa 46 C.E. – 120 C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch


 * - Flavius Josephus: (37 C.E. – circa 100 C.E.) (regarding King Jotham, etc.,)


 * - Tertullian: (circa 160 C.E. – circa 225 C.E)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertullian


 * - Orosius: a Catholic priest and Church historian.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulus_Orosius


 * - Diodorus Siculus: Greek hisorian: (Circa 375-385 C.E. - After 418 C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus


 * - Philo: a Hellenistic Jewish Biblical philosopher born in Alexandria: (20 B.C. – 50 C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo

We have Biblical sources (spanning from: 1512 B.C.E. to 460 B.C.E.) and non-Biblical sources (spanning from the 2nd-century B.C.E to the 3rd Century C.E.) testifying to the fact members of the Canaanite religion did indeed sacrifice children. We have archaeological sites; although in the past these sites were somewhat controversial, are now recognized by many as "tophet" sites (burial sites for the remains of ritually sacrificed children).
 * - See:
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2544728/Ancient-Greek-stories-ritual-child-sacrifice-Carthage-TRUE-study-claims.html
 * - Motya Island.
 * - See:
 * - https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/MAGAZINE-phoenicians-imported-food-to-sicilian-island-3k-years-ago-1.5627183

Wikipedia also makes mentions to: "A temple at Amman (1400–1250 BC) excavated and reported upon by J.B. Hennessy in 1966, shows the possibility of animal and human sacrifice by fire." And as shocking child sacrifice is the ancient Near East was not place rituals of human sacrifices were performed.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_sacrifice
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sacrifice

The Bible repeatedly documents the reality of this practice. For one, the law code itself forbid anyone from engaging in this practice. Secondly, it not only documented the neighboring nations engaging in this practice; the Biblical account reported certain Israelites, even kings of the line of David, as having engaged in this practice.

It is noteworthy because the Bible is a candor book. It is hard to imagine they would make up this about their own kings who were to provide the very lineage to the foretold Messiah.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molech#Archaeology
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Carthage


 * - Other:
 * - http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/canaanite-storm-god-3300-year-old-cult-complex-discovered-tel-burna-israel-1470167


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Canaanite_religion
 * - Yam (also known as Judge Nahor)
 * - Gnostic-like themes


 * - Pim weight (evidence that the book of Samuel wasn't written during the Hellenistic-Roman era). - 1 Samuel 13:21.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pim_weight\


 * - Timothy Alberino's subscribes to a theory, that the Rephaim went to Sardinia (founding the Nuragic people and culture.)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragic_civilization
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants%27_grave
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giants_of_Mont%27e_Prama

Kings of Judah

 * - 1107 B.C.E. - 1037 B.C.E. King David:


 * - Information on King David
 * - King David: Dawid ben-Yishai - (דָּוִיד בֶּןיִשַׁי)


 * - Birth:
 * - 1107 B.C.E.


 * - King of Judah:
 * - 1077 B.C.E


 * - King of Israel:
 * - 1070 B.C.E.


 * - Death:
 * - 1037 B.C.E.

-


 * - After 1107 B.C.E. - Circa 1078 B.C.E.:

"David took the harp and played with his hand; and there was relief for Saul and it was well with him, and the bad spirit departed from upon him." - 1 Samuel 16:23b' NWT 2013 Revised Edition.


 * - Read:
 * - 1 Samuel 16:23
 * - David's the harp player.


 * - The Kinnor lyre:
 * - The Kinnor is an ancient instrument mentioned in the Bible. And the Kinnor is often translated "harp" or "lyre" into English.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnor


 * - It has been suggested it was possibly bound together with bitumen. - (See: "Noah's ark", and "Moses").
 * - Evidence seems to show it had a sound box, soundboard, sound holes, two arms, a crossbar, a bridge, and strings probably made from gut and or vegetable fibers.
 * - Sources:
 * - http://www.rakkav.com/biblemusic/pages/instruments.htm


 * - 2 Samuel 6:5; 1 Kings 10:11, 12; 2 Chronicles 2:8; 9:10, 11
 * - The Bible shows even in antiquity the value placed on tonewood for the production of musical instruments. - (e.g., Juniper and Algum wood)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonewood


 * - The Kinnor was might have been quite similar to the Greek Kithara.
 * - "In about half of the 42 occurrences of kinnor in the Bible, the translators of the Septuagint rendered it by the Greek kithara."
 * - Source Material:
 * - Insight on the scriptures, under harp. - Published by Jehovah's Witnesses.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001892


 * - Greek: Kithara > Latin: Cithara > Andalusian Arabic: Qitara > Spanish: Guitarra, French: Guitare, and the German: Gitarre > English: Guitar.


 * - Read:
 * - 1 Samuel 16:23
 * - "...relief for Saul and it was well with him"
 * - See:
 * - http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/08/04/harp-music-blood-pressure-icu-patients-pain_n_1734615.html
 * - http://uanews.org/story/study-explores-effects-harp-music-icu-patients
 * - http://www.nbcnews.com/id/10604382/ns/health-heart_health/t/harp-has-power-soothe-can-it-heal/#.Udju8su9KK0

-


 * - Circa 1078 B.C.E.:
 * - 1 Samuel 13-14
 * - See:
 * - The Romance of the Last Crusade, by Major Vivian Gilbert.
 * - Records the event when British troops successfully copied the tactics of Saul and Jonathan. This testifies to the Bible's accuracy especially in regard to Biblical geography.

-

-


 * - Read:
 * - 1 Samuel 17:4
 * - David and Goliath
 * - Location this occurred was at Valley of Elah
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_of_Elah


 * - Sling
 * - See:
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sling_(weapon)


 * - Khirbet Qeiyafa: (Elah Fortress) is the site of an ancient city overlooking the Elah Valley.)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbet_Qeiyafa


 * - The Bible mentions Goliath's tribe, the tribe of the Rephaim is there known archaeological record to support there existence? Yes! Think of the many Basketball players too.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Og#Og_in_non-Biblical_inscriptions


 * - Are there tall peoples exist today? Yes, for example, the Tutsi of central Africa are one example and think of the many Basketball players too.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Rwanda


 * - How tall was Goliath?
 * - Older manuscript answer:
 * - The Septuagint (LXX), and the only Hebrew Dead Sea Scroll containing the text, as well (Levite) historian Flavius Josephus state: "4 cubits and a span."
 * - Using the shorter cubit: 6.55 feet tall (comparable to Michael Jordan who is 6.6ft)
 * - Using a longer cubit: 7.7 feet tall (comparable to Yao Ming who is 7.6ft)
 * - An average between the two would be: 7.1 feet tall.


 * - Mainstream MSS answer:
 * - Most Masoretic text (MSS) read: 6 cubits and a span.
 * - Using shorter cubit 9.47 vs. longer cubit: 11.3ft. (average between the two: 10.3)
 * - Tallest American on record Robert Wadlow was 8.11
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wadlow


 * - Some critics claim that account of Goliath borrowed from Greek culture.
 * - However the striking similarities really should not be surprising. In fact the Philistines (descendants of Mizr(aim) son's Casluh(im) evidently came from Crete an island of the Aegean Sea to the land of Canaan and had strong culture rooted in and trade connections maintained with the Aegean region.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philistines#Extrabiblical_inscriptions


 * - 1 Samuel 21:12, 13
 * - "Marks on the doors on the gate (of Gath)" - in brackets added
 * - http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/the-home-of-goliath-archaeologists-discover-enormous-ancient-gate-to-the-largest-biblical-city-of-its-time-10439914.html
 * - http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/archaeologists-discover-gate-biblical-city-gath-1514079

-


 * - Read:
 * - 2 Samuel 7:7
 * - the House of David
 * - See: (The Mesha Stele and Tel Dan inscriptions)
 * - The Mesha Stele inscription (also known as: "the Moabite Stone").
 * - See
 * - http://www.cojs.org/pdf/house_of_david.pdf
 * - Tel Dan inscription.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele

-


 * - Read:
 * - 1 Samuel 5:6, 7
 * - The "Stronghold of Zion" (also know as: the "Citadel of David")
 * - See:
 * - http://ww2.nationalpost.com/m/wp/blog.html?b=news.nationalpost.com/2014/05/06/this-is-the-citadel-of-king-david-israeli-archeologist-claims-hes-found-legendary-site-near-jerusalems-old-city
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2621612/Has-King-Davids-citadel-Israeli-archaeologist-claims-discovered-site-captured-conquest-Jerusalem.html
 * - http://www.shalomlife.com/news/22666/3-800-year-old-fortress-uncovered-in-jerusalem/
 * - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Nmx1O5ZmGMI
 * - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ISR_Lps8S2o

-


 * - Read:
 * - 2 Samuel 5:8
 * - "by means of the water tunnel".
 * - See:
 * - The Warren's Shaft discovered in 1867 by Charles Warren.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren%27s_Shaft

-


 * - Read:
 * - 2 Samuel 5:11
 * - The "Large Stone Structure" which Eilat Mazar has identified as the palace of King David.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure
 * - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=YTdKznTA9iY
 * - https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=BV8Q9aOSFk0

-


 * - Read:
 * - 2 Samuel 8:9-10; 1 Chronicles 18-9-10
 * - "King of Toi of Hamath"
 * - Possibly King Taita of Hamath. - 2 Samuel 8:9-10; 1 Chronicles 18-9-10
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palistin
 * - http://www.israeltoday.co.il/NewsItem/tabid/178/nid/25660/Default.aspx

-


 * - Read:
 * - 2 Samuel 8:13, 14
 * - Edom fun facts.
 * - "Until recently, many scholars doubted the accuracy of the Bible’s account of the nation of Edom battling with Israel in the time of David." Comment the magazine Awake! And highlighted the comments of that journal The Biblical Archaeology Review: "the copper-rich Edomite lowlands has shown that Edom was a complex society centuries earlier, as reflected in the Bible." - 2 Samuel 8:13, 14.
 * - See:
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/image.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=32&Issue=04&ImageID=02400&SourcePage=publication.asp&UserID=0&

-


 * - Read:
 * - 2 Samuel 21:20
 * - Polydactyly:
 * - Polydactyly is a deformity causing extra digits.
 * - The Bible also mentions a member of the tribe of the Rephaim had six toes and six feet. Interesting in the cemetery Deir el-Balah (near Gaza) a coffin is depicts the man has having six digits on each hand.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polydactyly

-


 * - The Bible records David as a real person.
 * - See:
 * - (1 Samuel 16)

-


 * - David wrote:


 * - Psalms 2 - (See: Acts 4:25)
 * - Psalms 3 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 4 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 5 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 6 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 7 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 8 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 9 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 11 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 12 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 13 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 14 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 15 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 16 - (See: Acts 2:25-28)
 * - Psalm 17 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 18 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 19 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 20 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 21 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 22 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 23 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 24 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 25 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 26 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 27 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 28 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 29 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 30 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 31 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 32 - (See: Romans 4:6-8)
 * - Psalm 34 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 35 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 36 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 37 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 38 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 39 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 40 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 41 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 51 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 52 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 53 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 54 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 55 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 56 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 57 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 58 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 59 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 60 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 61 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 62 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 63 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 64 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 65 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 66 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 68 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 69 - (See: Romans 11:9)
 * - Psalm 70 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 86 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 95 - (See: Hebrews 4:7)
 * - Psalm 101 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 103 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 108 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 109 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 110 - (See: Mark 12:36 and Luke 20:42)
 * - Psalm 122 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 124 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 131 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 138 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 139 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 140 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 141 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 142 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 143 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 144 - (See: the heading)
 * - Psalm 145 - (See: the heading)


 * - 1037 B.C.E. - 997 B.C.E. - King Solomon:

"I think that more and more we are facing the evidence that Biblical stories contained quite accurately, description of the reality. – Eilat Mazar, third-generation Israeli archaeologist


 * - Information on the Period of Solomon's


 * - King Solomon that is to say, King Shlomo ben Dawidh who was also known as Yedidhyah as a boy is indeed a real historical person.
 * - See:
 * - "Kings of Controversy - Was the Kingdom of David and Solomon a glorious empire—or just a little cow town? It depends on which archaeologist you ask." - Robert Draper, National Geographic.


 * - See:
 * - http://www.foxnews.com/science/2014/01/27/message-decoded-again-3000-year-old-text-may-prove-biblical-tale-king-solomon/


 * - 1) Numerous genealogies and accounts throughout the millennia document his existence.
 * - This includes the Bible's authoritative and inspired account, including 2 Samuel, 1 Kings, Ezra 2:55, 58; 1 Chronicles; Nehemiah 11:3 references in the book of Matthew, Luke, John and the passage at Acts 7:4 as well as both ancient Apocryphal, Dead Sea Scrolls literature and Samaritan literature that both acknowledges and testify his existence. It should be noted too the Samaritan people do not think of him favorably.


 * - 1037 B.C.E.
 * - Solomon's reign begins


 * - Read:
 * - 1 Kings 1:39-45
 * - The location of anointing ceremony occurred at the Gihon spring.
 * - IDENTIFIED
 * - We know that the site of his coronation, it is an archaeological site by the Gihon spring (See: the work done of Professor Ronny Reich of the University of Haifa and Eli Shukron of the I.A.A.)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eli_Shukron


 * - Also See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/canaanite-fortress-discovered-in-the-city-of-david/
 * - http://www.jpost.com/National-News/3800-year-old-biblical-fortress-discovered-in-City-of-David-347256
 * - http://www.cityofdavid.org.il/en/חדשות/new-and-groundbreaking-canaanite-discovery
 * - http://www.shalomlife.com/news/22666/3-800-year-old-fortress-uncovered-in-jerusalem/
 * - http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=gQWzRKRI_kI
 * - http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=jE9zzi_gZ04
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gihon_Spring


 * - "The clay available in the Jordan Valley contributed toward the feasibility of such copper-casting operations in this area."
 * - Source:
 * - "Insight on the Scriptures" published by Jehovah's Witnesses.


 * - "Archaeologists digging on the site of ancient Succoth have unearthed evidence of smelting activities there." - "All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial" published by Jehovah's Witnesses.
 * - See:
 * - The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Vol. 4, 1988, edited by G. W. Bromiley, page 648. - 1 Kings 7:46.


 * - 1 Kings 9:10-13


 * - Cabul
 * - https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270997/0/0
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabul
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabul,_Israel
 * - Zvi Gal is an archaeologist with the Israel Antiquities Authority. He is also former director of the Hecht Museum at Haifa University and his identified of the ancient site of Cabul.
 * - See:
 * - https://www.baslibrary.org/biblical-archaeology-review/19/2/9


 * - Walls:
 * - Read:
 * - 1 Kings 9:15.
 * - One example given by Aharoni is the evidence of solid city walls built with large stones “cut into oblong, rectangular blocks, fitted together with precision.” In contrast, in countries neighboring Israel, parts of the city walls “were made of brick and wood.” Furthermore, cities rebuilt at about the time of Solomon give evidence of careful planning, with neat lines of houses and carefully laid-out streets.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yohanan_Aharoni
 * - Scholars speculate if the ancient walls discovered in Jerusalem may be linked to ancient Judean King Solomon.
 * - See:
 * - http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/02/100226-king-solomon-wall-jerusalem-bible/


 * - Aharoni analyzes the ruins of “four towns in Judah built according to the same fundamental plan... BeerSheba, Tell Beit Mirsim, Beth-Shemesh and Mizpah.” How this contrasts with another great center of civilization the earlier Mesopotamian city of Ur! Respecting it, Sir Leonard Woolley wrote: “There had been no attempt at town-planning... The unpaved streets, many of them blind alleys... formed a maze in which it would have been easy to lose one’s way.”

"Pharaoh king of Egypt had come up and captured Gezer and had burned it with fire, and he had also killed the Canaanites dwelling in the city. So he gave it as a parting gift to his daughter, the wife of Solomon.) Solomon built up Geʹzer..." - 1 Kings 9:16-17
 * - See:
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/archaeology/1.739358

- -


 * - Foreign Trade:
 * - with Sheba: It has documented the there was trade with Sheba.


 * - The Queen of Sheba was not some fairy tale Queen from some imagine fairy tale land, she was a real Queen and we now know Sheba as the Sabaean Kingdom (centered in South Arabia peninsula, who capital was in Marib, Yemen) where women had a high level and respected positions even as Queens. The Sabaens harvested some of the finest of resins frankincense and mined gold from sites in evidently high part of the Gheralta plateau in what is modern-day northern Ethiopia, and maybe possibly the Mahd adh Dhahab, also known as the Cradle of Gold, located in the Al-Madina province of the Hejaz region of what is now Modern-day Saudi Arabia. – (Psalms 72:14; Isaiah 60:6)


 * - Ancient South Arabian inscription confirms trade relations between “towns of Judah.” - Mentioned in the January-February, 2010 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR), there is an article entitled “Solomon and Sheba, Inc.” Extremely doubtful such trade would worth mentioning if Israel was just a “little cow town”.


 * - Critics also use to say Ophir was a make-believe land, Egyptologist Kenneth A. Kitchen comments: "Ophir itself is no myth. A Hebrew ostracon [or, earthenware fragment] of perhaps the eighth century [B.C.E.] is clearly inscribed with the brief note of account: ‘Gold of Ophir for Beth-Horon—30 shekels."

- -


 * - Also it has verified the Sheba had a source of gold in the high Gheralta plateau in what is modern-day northern Ethiopia.
 * - Read:
 * - Psalms 72:14; Isaiah 60:6'''
 * - See:
 * - http://www.bib-arch.org/bar/articlñe.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=1&ArticleID=28
 * - Knowledge one of Sheba sources of wealth emerges - ancient


 * - Sabaeans Gold mines in Ethiopia.
 * - See:
 * - http://m.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/feb/12/archaeologists-and-quest-for-sheba-goldmines?cat=science&type=article
 * - http://m.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-18526428


 * - Gold of Ophir for Beth-Horon
 * - ז] הב אפר לבית חרן] discovered inscribed on a Hebrew ostracon the excavations at Tell Qasile.
 * - Egyptologist Kenneth A. Kitchen writes: "Ophir itself is no myth. A Hebrew ostracon [or, earthenware fragment] of perhaps the eighth century [B.C.E.] is clearly inscribed with the brief note of account: ‘Gold of Ophir for Beth-Horon—30 shekels."
 * - See:
 * - http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0015_0_15122.html

-

-


 * - Algum Wood


 * - Mentioned in Bible: 2 Chronicles 2:8; 9:10, 11; 1 Kings 10:11, 12.
 * - A source, Flavius Josephus, time period: first century: (Jewish Antiquities, 8, 177 [7, 1])
 * - Usage: Timbers, steps, and musical instruments.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algum


 * - Tonewood
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonewood


 * - "It is traditionally suggested to be the red sandalwood (Pterocarpus santalinus) now found in India and Ceylon, although some favor the white sandalwood (Santalum album)."
 * - Insight on the Scriptures, Volume one under, Algum.
 * - Red sandalwood: Sanskrit: valgu, valgum.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterocarpus_santalinus

-

- -


 * - Foreign Trade:
 * - Phoenicia and King Hirman

- -

"Hiram is also mentioned in the writings of Menander of Ephesus, as preserved in Josephus’s Against Apion, where some additional information is given that is not found in the Bible. One such item is that Hiram lived 53 years, and reigned 34." - Wikipedia. Hiram worshipped Melqart and Astarte.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_I
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahiram
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Tyre


 * - Tarshish:


 * - Evidence indicates Tarshish was likely in what is now Modern-day southern Spain. 'The Phoenicians arrived in Andalusia for the first time in the 12th century B.C.E. and the first city founded here was Cádiz. Gadir, Europes oldest city. There are many other cities founded and others where the Phoenicians settled in, like Sexi (now Almuñécar, in Granada), Abdera (now Adra), and Malaka (now in the city of Málaga).


 * - We can tell you that it can't be possible to say that the Tarshish named in the Holy Bible. Archaeologists are studying now in the provinces of Huelva, Cádiz and Seville as Tartessos. We already know that the kingdom of Tartessos was located in one of these three provinces, but we can't sure of the right site. Tartessos was not a Phoenician settlement, with a very rich territory (gold and other minerals) for the Phoenician.' - Portal de Museos de Andalucía.


 * - 1 Kings 9:26-28; 10:11, 12; 22:48; 49; 2 Chronicles 8:17-19; 20:26, 37
 * - Naval activity:
 * - Solomon's & Hiram fleet

-


 * - Foreign Trade:
 * - Word origins: The Hebrew names (Plural: tuk·ki·yim′; singular: tuki) is to be connected with the Old Tamil name for the peacock, (tokei).
 * - The Hebrew word qoph may be related to the Sanskrit word kapi for an ape or a monkey.
 * - See:
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Peafowl#Taxonomy_and_naming)
 * - 1 Kings 10:22; 2 Chronicles 9:21.


 * - Information on Phoenician ships.
 * - See:
 * - http://phoenicia.org/ships.html


 * - "Josephus, citing Tyrian court records and Menander in Against Apion, gives a specific year during which Hiram I of Tyre sent materials to Solomon for the construction of the temple."
 * - Source:
 * - Wikipedia.


 * - Ape:
 * - Sanskrit:
 * - கபி - (Kapi) -
 * - Hebrew: קוף


 * - Peacock
 * - Old Tamil:
 * - தோகை - (Tokei)
 * - Hebrew:
 * - תכיים


 * - Cinnamon was imported from South-East Asia (what is now Sri Lanka and possibly Southern India) and was used in the preparation of "Ketoret", which is the priestly incense of the temple. Cinnamon was also used as in perfumery and spice. Archaeologists had discovered cinnamon stored in Phoenician flasks, dating to 3,000 years ago (which brings us to the tenth century)
 * - See:
 * - http://news.yahoo.com/evidence-3-000-old-cinnamon-trade-found-israel-115732419.html

-


 * - Quality of household items: Aharoni also comments on the improvement in household utensils about the time of Solomon’s reign. In his book The Archaeology of the Land of Israel, Professor Yohanan Aharoni states: "The wealth that flowed into the royal court from all directions, and the flourishing commerce . . . brought about a rapid and noticeable revolution in every aspect of material culture. . . . The change in material culture . . . is discernible not only in luxury items but also especially in ceramics. . . . The quality of the pottery and its firing improved beyond all recognition." Jerry M. Landay wrote in the book entitled The House of David: "Under Solomon, Israelite material culture advanced more in three decades than it had during the preceding two hundred years. We find in Solomonic strata the remains of monumental constructions, great cities with massive walls, the mushrooming of residential quarters with well-built clusters of the dwellings of the well-to-do, a quantum jump in the technical proficiency of the potter and his manufacturing processes. We find, too, the remains of artifacts representing goods made in far-off places, signs of vigorous international commerce and trade."

-


 * - Solomonic gates: Hazor, Gezer and Megiddo, see the report on the excavations at Hazor, by Yigael Yadin, in his work The Art of Warfare in Biblical Lands (1963, Vol. II, p. 288), 1 Kings 9:15.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.vkrp.org/studies/historical/iron-age-gates/info/iron-gates.asp

-


 * - "So-called Solomon's (copper) mines (in Israel)". Some scholars claim the site was Edomite. However, the site was in the empire of Israel during the reign of King Solomon.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=11795
 * - http://www.science20.com/news_articles/solomons_mines_found_israel-119664


 * - "So-called Solomon's (copper) mines (in Jordan):" "Copper mines in southern Jordan were active centuries earlier than previously believed, according to a new study that suggests the area was producing the metal at the same time the biblical figure of King Solomon is said to have built Jerusalem's first Jewish temple." - National Geographic.
 * - See:
 * - http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2008/10/081028-king-solomon-copper-mine-missions.html

The Temple in Jerusalem

 * - 1034 B.C.E.
 * - The work beginning to build the temple in Jerusalem begun


 * - 1027 B.C.E.
 * - The temple in Jerusalem is built.


 * - 1026 B.C.E. - The temple in Jerusalem dedicated.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon's_Temple#Archaeology
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount_Antiquities_Salvage_Operation#cite_note-8
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/news/first-temple-artifacts-found-in-dirt-removed-from-temple-mount-1.202839


 * - Artifacts from the first temple (in Jerusalem) dated to the eighth century have been found.

- - - -
 * - "Golden age" and the age of Gold


 * - "The most glorious feature of Solomon’s reign was the magnificent temple, the palace, and the government buildings in Jerusalem. A vast quantity of gold was used to decorate these structures. - (1 Kings 7:47-51; 9;14, 28; 10:14-22) Five years after Solomon’s death, Pharaoh Shishak of Egypt came and stripped Jerusalem of its treasure. — 1 Kings 14:25, 26. In both Egypt and Palestine, archaeological inscriptions confirm that Shishak indeed conquered Israel. In fact, many historians acknowledge that Shishak’s plunder of Jerusalem revived a weak Egyptian economy and enabled Shishak to finance the massive enlargement of an Egyptian temple on which he recorded his conquest, as seen on this page. Shishak died soon afterward, and another inscription records that his son donated about 200 tons of gold and silver to the temples of Egypt. The inscription does not reveal the source of this wealth, but archaeologist Alan Millard, in his book Treasures From Bible Times, suggests that “much of it was the gold which Shishak carried away from Solomon’s Temple and palace in Jerusalem." - See: The Bubastis portal.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubastis_portal

- - --
 * - Biblical Archaeology Review mentions these examples:


 * - "King Thutmose III of Egypt (second millennium B.C.E.) presented approximately 13.5 tons of gold items to the temple of Amon-Ra at Karnak—and this was just part of the gift."
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thutmose_III

-


 * - "Egyptian inscriptions record gifts totaling approximately 383 tons of gold and silver offered by King Osorkon I (early first millennium B.C.E.) to the gods." (Notation: Osorkon is the son of Shoshenq I)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osorkon_I

-

year for King Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.).
 * - Furthermore, the volume Classical Greece of the series Great Ages of Man reports: The mines of Pangaeum in Thrace yielded more than 37 tons of gold each

-


 * - When Philip’s son Alexander the Great (336-323 B.C.E.) captured Susa, the capital of the Persian empire, treasures amounting to well over 1,000 tons of gold were found.—The New Encyclopædia Britannica.

-


 * - Biblical Archaeology Review notes that Amenophis III of Egypt "honored the great god Amun with a temple at Thebes that was ‘plated with gold throughout, its floor adorned with silver, [and] all its portals with electrum"—an alloy of gold and silver. Furthermore, Esar-haddon of Assyria (seventh century B.C.E.) plated the doors and coated the walls of the shrine of Ashur with gold. Regarding the temple of Sin at Harran, Nabonidus of Babylon (sixth century B.C.E.) recorded: “I clad its walls with gold and silver, and made them shine like the sun.” "Thus, the historical records suggest that the Biblical account of King Solomon’s wealth is not exaggerated."

-


 * - Song of Solomon
 * - circa 1020 B.C.E.
 * - "Perhaps this was about 1020 B.C.E., some years after the temple had been completed"
 * - All Scriptures are Beneficial book, published by Jehovah's Witnesses

-


 * - Aloeswood (Agarwood. The product is known as oudh) - (Numbers 24:6; Psalms 45:8; Proverbs 7:17; Song of Solomon 4:14; John 19:39)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwood
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquilaria_agallocha

-


 * - Spikenard (נרדי) (identidied as: Nardostachys jatamansi) - (Song of Solomon 1:12; 4:13, 14), (Mark 14:3-9; John 12:3-8; Matthew 20:2).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikenard

-


 * - Myrrh (identified as: Commiphora, possibly Commiphora myrrha or Commiphora abyssinica) - (Song of Solomon 1:13).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrrh
 * - (http://www.lush.ca/on/demandware.store/Sites-LushCA-Site/en_CA/Lushopedia-Start?iid=9674

-


 * - Henna (כפר) (ko·pher) (identified as: Lawsonia inermis) - (circa: 1037-998 B.C.E.) - (Song of Solomon 1:14; 4:13; 7:11)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna
 * - http://www.lush.ca/on/demandware.store/Sites-LushCA-Site/en_CA/Lushopedia-Start?iid=9849

-


 * - Saffron (כרכם) (kar·kom′) (identified as: Crocus sativus) - (Song of Solomon 4:14) Compare the Hebrew with the Aramaic: "kur·ke·ma" and Arabic: "kur·kum." English term: "Crocus" derives from Latin which derives from Greek krokos which derives from from the Semitic: K-rk-m.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saffron
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_saffron
 * - http://www.lush.ca/on/demandware.store/Sites-LushCA-Site/en_CA/Lushopedia-Start?iid=10084

-


 * - Frankincense (identified as: Boswellia sacra)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankincense
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boswellia_sacra
 * - http://www.lush.ca/on/demandware.store/Sites-LushCA-Site/en_CA/Lushopedia-Start?iid=9762)
 * - http://www.royalhojari.com/products.html

-


 * - Apple (malus)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.lush.ca/on/demandware.store/Sites-LushCA-Site/en_CA/Lushopedia-Start?iid=9646

-


 * - Before 1000 B.C.E Ecclesiastes (Qoheleth) is written.
 * - The dome of the rock may be on top the site of the Ashtoreth temple ("high place"), according Tuvia Sagiv. - 1 Kings 11:5, 33 compared with, 2 King 23:13.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.templemount.org/domebase.html


 * - 998 B.C.E Solomon dies.


 * - Why have not inscriptions with Solomon's name being mention been found yet? One reason could be most written records at a time were commonly kept on papyrus. Papyrus documents do not last very long in the humid climate of the Levent.

-


 * - Assyria:
 * - "The success of such expansion was, of course, due primarily to God’s backing and hence not dependent on Assyrian weakness." - Insight on the scriptures.
 * - See: Ashurnasirpal I
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur-nasir-pal_I


 * - Egypt:
 * - See: Siamun.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamun#Foreign_policy


 * - Phoenician Tyre
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_I
 * - http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/74323/Carved-limestone-sarcophagus-of-Hiram-king-of-Tyre-bearing-a

-


 * - Flavius Josephus speaks dealings between King Solomon and King Hiram (Josephus’s Against Apion). (Josephus uses Menander of Ephesus as source material).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_of_Ephesus


 * - Also the Samaritan peoples (distinct people from the Jews) speak of King Solomon as a real person. The Samaritans (not Jews) split away politically from Judeans centuries before the Jewish exile in Babylonia.


 * - Summary and conclusion: There is strong archaeological evidence to indicate his father King David existed and evidence to support the existence of his son Rehoboam and there is definite archaeological evidence that his Great-Great-Great-grandson (G3-grandson) Jehoram existed. This just adds weight to case of King Solomon's existence. The evidence matches the quantum leap of prosperity during the time period of his reign and the Bible's accurate record of King Solomon's existence.


 * - The Israelites were always skilled record keepers. The Israelites unlike of some the neighbor were a literate (reading and writing) people. To the critics who claim the records David and Solomon were during Babylonian exile note: even ignore the holes in the theory it was only 400-500 years prior to the exile. Additionally, to the Israelites being a literate people, keeping extensive records and also handed down oral traditions and living descendants. The descendants of the David (the Davidic dynastic) existence is well attested to. Artifacts from the first temple (in Jerusalem) dated to the eighth century have been found.


 * - The absence of any known inscription and confirmed inscription mentioning Solomon's existence doesn't disprove his existence. Inscriptions a lot of times in the Near East were related to war. Since Israel was at peace during the reign of Solomon there would no inscriptions relating to war. Trade alliances occurred between Tyre and Sheba with Israel at that time. However, little is known during about that time period about these two countries. Additionally, if records were preserved on papyrus or vellum they mostly likely were they would not have survived.

The Dead Sea scrolls are so exceptional for this reason. However, the Dead Sea Scrolls were: stored in caves, in jars, in linen, in the driest and hottest part of Israel and even then numerous scrolls were in rough shape.


 * - King Solomon was viewed as a real historical figure to the Israelite people.
 * - 2 Samuel 5:14; 12:24; 1 Kings 1-12; ... Psalms 72; 127; Ecclesiastes; Song of Solomon; Ezra 2:55, 58; Nehemiah 7:57, 60; 11:3; 12:45; 13:26; Jeremiah 52:20; Matthew 1:6, 7; 6:29; 12:42; Luke 11:31; 12:27; John 10:23; Acts 7:47


 * - Solomon's ruling contemporaries


 * - Disclaimer: This user does not guarantee that the following individuals are or are not actually ruling contemporaries of King Solomon. The information is based on a general consensus of secular historians to establish the dates of reigns of kings. The source material is Wikipedia.


 * - Ammonite:
 * - currently unknown.


 * - Assyrian:
 * - probably Kings Ashurnasirpal I, Shalmaneser II, Ashur-nirari IV, Ashur-rabi II.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Assyrian_kings


 * - Babylonian:
 * - probably Marduk-zer-X, Nabû-šumu-libūr, Simbar-shipak, Ea-mukin-zeri, Kashshu-nadin-ahi, Eulmash-shakin-shumi.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_kings


 * - Chinese:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Dynasty


 * - Egyptian:
 * - Possibly Psusennes I, Amenemope, Osorkon the Elder, Siamun.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pharaohs
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamun
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoshenq_I


 * - Grecian, Athens:
 * - Acastus, Archippus.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archons_of_Athens


 * - Hittite:
 * - currently unknown.


 * - India:
 * - Sumati, Subhala, Sunita, Satyajit.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs


 * - Moabite:
 * - currently unknown.


 * - Persian:
 * - Currently unknown.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Kings


 * - Phoencian, Tyria:
 * - King Hiram I (confirmable).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Tyre


 * - Sheba:
 * - Currently unknown.


 * - Sri Lanka:
 * - Currently unknown. Compare
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuradhapura


 * - Syrian:
 * - currently unknown.


 * - Tarshish:
 * - currently unknown.


 * - 1077 B.C.E - 607 B.C.E. – Judean Kings


 * - David – Reign: 1077-1037 B.C.E)
 * - 1077 B.C.E - "King of Judah"
 * - 1070 B.C.E - 1037 B.C.E. - "King of Israel"


 * - Mesha Stele (also known as "the Moabite Stone")
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesha_Stele
 * - Tel Dan Stele
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele


 * - Kenneth Kitchen, an Egyptologist believes he has identified the phrase "The Heights of David" within a listing of territories allegedly conquered by Pharaoh Sheshonq I. According to an article printed in Biblical Archaeology Review for Jan.-Feb. 1999.


 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_I

-


 * - Solomon
 * – Reign: 1037 B.C.E. – 997 B.C.E


 * - Solomon Contemporaries:
 * - See:
 * - Hiram I of Tyre
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_I
 * - Pharaoh Shishak
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishak

-


 * - Rehoboam
 * – Reign: 997 B.C.E – 980 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehoboam#Civil_war
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shishak

-


 * - Abijah
 * – Reign: 980 B.C.E. – 977 B.C.E.

-


 * - Asa
 * - Reign: 977 B.C.E. – 936 B.C.E.

-


 * - Jehoshaphat
 * – Reign: 936 B.C.E. – 913 B.C.E.

-


 * - Jehoram
 * - Reign: 913 B.C.E. – Circa 906 B.C.E
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Judah

-


 * - Ahaziah
 * - Reign: 906 B.C.E – 898 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/the-edomite-stronghold-of-sela/

-


 * - Jehoash
 * - Reign: 898 B.C.E. – 876 B.C.E.

-


 * - Amaziah
 * - Reign: 876 B.C.E. – 829 B.C.E.

-


 * - Uzziah (Azariah)
 * - Reign: 829 B.C.E. – 777 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah#Seals
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzziah_of_Judah#Uzziah_Tablet

-


 * - Jotham
 * - Reign: 777 B.C.E. – Circa 761 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jotham_of_Judah#Archeological_Findings.

-


 * - Ahaz (Shorten form of Jehoahaz)
 * - Reign: Circa 761 B.C.E. – 745 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaz#Surviving_artifacts
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahaz#Archeological_Findings
 * - Seal: "Belonging to Ahaz [son of] Yehotam [Jotham], King of Judah."

-


 * - Hezekiah
 * - Reign: 745 B.C.E. – 716 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah


 * - The Seal: "Belonging to Hezekiah [son of] Ahaz, King of Judah." "Hezekiah's Tunnel" and the inscription naming him
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah%27s_Tunnel
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lachish_relief


 * - See:
 * - Isaiah 18:1, 2
 * - Egyptian Scarab
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarabaeus_sacer

-


 * - Manasseh - 716 B.C.E. – 661 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hezekiah
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephantine_papyri
 * - E.g., the Assyrian records mentioned "Manasseh of Judah" in the Assyrian King Esar-haddon’s list of 22 tribute-paying kings. As well an Assyrian list of kings tributary to Ashurbanipal. King Manasseh is also mentioned in the Elephantine papyri.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note30r

-


 * - Amon
 * - Reign: 661 B.C.E. – 659 B.C.E.

-


 * - Josiah
 * - Reign: 659 B.C.E. – 628 B.C.E.)


 * - Josiah's Contemporaries:
 * - Hilkiah and Azariah the High Priests during Josiah's time, and Shaphan a scribe that lived during his reign are attested in extra-Biblical sources.


 * - 2 Kings 22:3 4; 1 Chronicles 6:13; Ezra 7:1, 2, 6
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilkiah#Extra-biblical_sources

-


 * - Jehoahaz
 * - Reign: 628 B.C.E. – 620 B.C.E.

-


 * - Jehoiakim (Birth name: Eliakim)
 * - Reign: 620 B.C.E. – 618 B.C.E.


 * - Jehoiakim's Contemporary:
 * - Jeremiah 36:10-25
 * - Gemariah
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2006684?q=Gemariah&p=par#h=11
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2002925#h=1:0-54:0
 * - '''https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaphan#Bullae_of_Shaphan

-


 * - Jehoiachin
 * - Reign: 618 B.C.E. – 617 B.C.E
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoiachin%27s_Rations_Tablets
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note35r

-


 * - Zedekiah
 * - Reign: 617 B.C.E. – 607 B.C.E.


 * - Zedekiah Contemporaries:


 * - Shelemiah the Father of Jehucal and his son Jehucal
 * - Pashhur, the Father of Gedaliah the royal official and his son Gedaliah
 * - See Below:


 * - Jeremiah 37:3; 38:1-6
 * - Jehucal (also known as Jucal), the son of Shelemiah (Shelemiyahu), as a prince or official of Judah during Zedekiah’s reign
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102007410?q=Jehucal&p=par
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2006684?q=Jehucal&p=par'
 * - http://www.jpost.com/Local-Israel/In-Jerusalem/The-once-and-future-city


 * - Jeremiah 38:1-6
 * - Gedaliah, An official during Zedekiah’s reign
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gedaliah_son_of_Pashhur
 * - http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/unique%20biblical%20discovery%20at%20city%20of%20david%20excavation%20site%2018-aug-2008.aspx'

Kings of the Northern Kingdom

 * - House of Jeroboam:
 * - Jeroboam I - Reign: 997 B.C.E. - circa 976 B.C.E.)
 * - Nadab - Reign: circa 976 B.C.E. - circa 975 B.C.E.)

-


 * - The House of Baasha:
 * - Baasha of Israel. - Reign: circa 975 B.C.E. - circa 952 B.C.E.)
 * - Elah - Reign: circa 952 B.C.E. - circa 951 B.C.E.)

-


 * - The house of Zimri:
 * - Zimri - Reign: 951 B.C.E.)

-


 * - The House of Omri:
 * - Omri. - Reign: circa 951 B.C.E; c. 947 B.C.E. "rules Israel alone" - circa 940 B.C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note17r
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omri#Omri_in_archaeological_sources


 * - Ahab - Reign: circa 940 B.C.E. - circa 919 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahab
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note18r
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurkh_Monolith
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostraca_House


 * - Ahaziah - Reign: circa 919 B.C.E. - 917 B.C.E.


 * - Jehoram (Joram) - Circa 917 B.C.E. - circa 905 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehoram_of_Israel
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele

-


 * - The House of Jehu:
 * - Jehu. (Yehu ben Nimshi) - Reign: circa 905 B.C.E. - 876 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Obelisk
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel_Dan_Stele


 * - Jehoahaz. (Yeho’ahaz ben Yehu) - (Reign: circa 876 B.C.E. - circa 859 B.C.E.)


 * - Jehoash (Joash). - (Reign: circa 859 B.C.E. - circa 844 B.C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note20r


 * - Jeroboam II - (Reign: circa 844 B.C.E. - circa 792 B.C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note21r


 * - Zachariah - (Reign: circa 792 B.C.E. - circa 791 B.C.E.) (a six month reign)

-


 * - House of Shallum:
 * - Shallum - (Reign: 791 B.C.E.)

-


 * - House of Menahem:
 * - Menahem - (Reign: circa 791 B.C.E. - circa 780 B.C.E.)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note22r
 * - Pekahiah - (Reign: circa 780 B.C.E. - circa 778 B.C.E.)

-


 * - The House of Pekah
 * - Pekah - (Reign: circa 778 B.C.E. - circa 758 B.C.E.)
 * - Mentioned in an ancient Assyrian inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III (see below)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekah#Assyrian_references
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note23r

-


 * - The House of Hoshea:
 * - Hoshea - (Reign: circa 758 B.C.E. - 740 B.C.E. the Assyrians subjugate Israel)
 * - Mentioned in an ancient Assyrian inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III (see below)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoshea#cite_note-2
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/people-in-the-bible/50-people-in-the-bible-confirmed-archaeologically/#note24r

World Empires take over

 * - 607 B.C.E - 539 B.C.E. - Babylonian Exile


 * - See photo:
 * - http://www.productionparadise.com/newsletters/711/photos/26506/original/02-babylon.jpg


 * - The Babylonian period: 620 B.C.E. (King Jehoiakim became Nebuchadnezzar's servant) - 539 B.C.E. (fall of Babylon) - 2 Kings 24:1.


 * - 607 B.C.E.
 * - See:
 * - The Watchtower October 1, 2011 pages 26-32 and November 1, 2011 pages 22-28 and a brief summary in December 15, 2011 page 31.


 * - Nabopolassar.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabopolassar


 * - Nebuchadnezzar II
 * - See:
 * - 2 Kings; 1 Chronicles; 2 Chronicles; Ezra; Esther 2:6; Jeremiah; Daniel
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II_of_Babylon


 * - Daniel 3:1-6; 4:30 - "Not until modern times have archaeologists confirmed that Nebuchadnezzar was indeed behind a great deal of the building done in Babylon. As to boastfulness—why, the man had his name stamped on the very bricks! Daniel’s critics cannot explain how their supposed forger of Maccabean times (167-63 B.C.E.) could have known of such construction projects—some four centuries after the fact and long before archaeologists brought them to light." - Pay Attention to Daniel’s Prophecy! (2006) publish by the Watchtower Bible and tract society.


 * - Evil-merodach (Awil-Marduk, Amil-Marduk)
 * - See:
 * - 2 Kings 25:27-30; Jeremiah 52:31-34
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amel-Marduk


 * - Neri-glissar
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neriglissar


 * - King Labashi-Marduk
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labashi-Marduk


 * - Nabonidus
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus


 * - Belshazzar
 * - See:
 * - Daniel 5:1, 9; 7:1; 8:1


 * - Critics of the past:
 * - Ferdinand Hitzig said that Belshazzar was obviously a figment of the writer's imagination."
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Hitzig


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belshazzar#Evidence_of_existence
 * - (Nabonidus cylinder)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus
 * - (Nabonidus chronicle)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle
 * - Baruch - the son of Neriah the scribe
 * - See:
 * - Jeremiah 32:12; 36:4, 10
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_ben_Neriah#Historicity


 * - Jucal
 * - See:
 * - Jeremiah 37, 38
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jucal
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jucal#cite_note-1


 * - Baalis
 * - The king of the Ammonites, is testified in archaeological records, e.g., "a seal impression bearing the name Baalyisha was discovered in 1984 in the excavations at Tell el-Umeiri in Jordan". - Jeremiah 40:14
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalis
 * - http://www.robert-deutsch.com/en/monographs/m7/


 * - Nebo-sarsechim
 * - (A Babylonian prince) "A Babylonian prince who was among the first to enter Jerusalem after the army broke through the walls in the summer of 607 B.C.E." - Insight on the scriptures, published by Jehovah's Witnesses. - Jeremiah 50:2.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebo-Sarsekim_Tablet


 * - Seraiah ben Neriah - Jeremiah 51:59

two years. Josephus himself assigns him 18 years. Supposedly slain as the result of a plot, Evil-Merodach was replaced by Neriglissar (Nergal-sharezer). Reliable confirmation of these details is lacking." -
 * - Evil-Merodach (See above) - (2 Kings 25:27-30; Jeremiah 52:31-34) "There is also archaeological testimony concerning Evil-merodach (Awil-Marduk, Amil-Marduk). For example, an inscription on a vase found near Susa reads: “Palace of Amil-Marduk, King of Babylon, son of Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon.” (Mémoires de la mission archéologique de Susiane, by V. Scheil, Paris, 1913, Vol. XIV) Berossus, quoted by Josephus, attributes to him a reign of


 * - See:
 * - http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/07/31/iraq.babylon.damage/
 * - http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/04/world/meast/iraq-babylon-tourism


 * - Ezekiel 21:21
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belomancy
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomancy


 * - Fiery furnace
 * - “Thus says Rîm-Sin your lord: Because he has cast the slave-lad into the oven, do you cast the slave into the furnace.”
 * - Archiv für Orientforschung, Vol. 18, 1957-58, page 129.


 * - 539 B.C.E. - 332 B.C.E. - Persian Rule


 * - Cyrus the Great - 2 Chronicles 36:22, 23; Isaiah; Ezra; Daniel
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great


 * - Ahasuerus/Xerxes I
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerxes_I_of_Persia (Esther and Daniel 11:2?)


 * - Artaxerxes Longimanus - (Ezra 7:1-28 and Nehemiah 2:1-18; 13:6)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artaxerxes_I_of_Persia


 * - Daniel 6:7-9
 * - "To the Medes and the Persians, however, fire was sacred. So they turned to other vicious forms of punishment. Hence, the pit of lions comes as no surprise."
 * - Source material:
 * - Pay Attention to Daniel’s Prophecy! (2006) published by the Watchtower Bible and tract society. The Medes and the Persians were Zoroastrians.


 * - Palace at Shushan: "excavated by French archaeologists between 1880 and 1890. (Es 1:2) The royal palace of Xerxes, covering about 1 ha (2.5 acres), was uncovered, revealing the splendor and magnificence of the Persian kings. The finds confirmed the exactitude of details set down by the writer of Esther as relating to the administration of the Persian kingdom and the construction of the palace. The book The Monuments and the Old Testament, by I. M. Price (1946, p. 408), comments: “There is no event described in the Old Testament whose structural surroundings can be so vividly and accurately restored from actual excavations as ‘Shushan the Palace.’" (Where Queen Esther entered)


 * - The Language of the day:
 * - The Aramaic used at the time. "Some documents written on papyrus in the Aramaic language were found at Elephantine, an island in Egypt’s Nile River. These documents demonstrate the accuracy with which the Bible writers Ezra and Nehemiah depict both conditions and official communication during Persian rule. In Biblical Archaeology, Professor G. Ernest Wright states: “Now . . . we are able to see that the Aramaic of Ezra is precisely that of its age, while the government documents are of the general type which we have become accustomed to associate with the Persian regime.” One of the documents contained a royal Persian order concerning the Passover celebration by the Jewish colony in Egypt." - (Ezra, Nehemiah)


 * - The Book of Ezra
 * - http://tv.jw.org/#en/video/VODBible/pub-nwtsv_150_VIDEO


 * - The Book of Nehemiah
 * - http://tv.jw.org/#en/video/VODBible/pub-nwtsv_160_VIDEO


 * - 331 B.C.E. - 30 B.C.E. - The Grecian empire


 * - The Grecian empire and the start of Hellenism


 * - Potential support the prophecy predates the rise of the Grecian empire?
 * - Flavius Josephus comments on Alexander the Great
 * - "The famous Jewish historian Josephus attests to its authenticity. He says that Alexander the Great, during his war against Persia in the fourth century B.C.E., came to Jerusalem, where the priests showed him a copy of the book of Daniel. Alexander himself concluded that the words of Daniel’s prophecy that were pointed out to him referred to his own military campaign involving Persia. This would have been about a century and a half before the “forgery” as proposed by critics. Of course, critics have assailed Josephus concerning this passage. They also assail him for noting that some prophecies in the book of Daniel were fulfilled. Yet, as historian Joseph D. Wilson remarked, “[Josephus] probably knew more of the matter than all the critics in the world." "Some historians have noted that this would explain why Alexander was so kind to the Jews, who were long-standing friends of the Persians. At the time, Alexander was on a campaign to destroy all friends of Persia." - Pay Attention to Daniel's prophecy (published by Jehovah Witnesses)
 * - "Whatever the case, Jerusalem seems to have survived the change in control free of any damage." - Insight on the scriptures (published by Jehovah Witnesses)


 * - Symbols:
 * - The abdomen and thighs of copper on the "immense image". - Daniel 2
 * - The Winged leopard. - Daniel 7
 * - The he-goat. - Daniel 8


 * - Alexander "the Great"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great


 * - Koine Greek
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek


 * - Greece was a World power from 331 B.C.E. – 30 B.C.E.

First Century B.C.E. to 2nd Century C.E.

 * - 2 B.C.E. - 33 C.E. - Christ Jesus:


 * - The Historicity of Jesus Christ:

"No, it was not by following artfully contrived false stories that we acquainted you with the power and presence of our Lord Jesus Christ, but it was by having become eyewitnesses of his magnificence." - 2 Peter 1:16


 * - Myth:
 * - Christ Jesus was a fabrication created Romans.


 * - Fact:
 * - Christians were persecuted for centuries by the Romans.
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Christian_policies_in_the_Roman_Empire

The Bible provides outstanding evidence, that Jesus Christ was a real person. First, the Bible speaks of Christ Jesus as real and historical and, describes much of his life in great detail. There are eight different authorize writers who were inspired to record and preserve information now contained in the Bible. These people were contemporaries to Christ Jesus himself. One of these eight individuals investigated Jesus' life and interviewed eyewitnesses (Luke 1:1-4). At least, five knew Jesus personally, some were close relatives e.g., two were his younger half-brothers and three of the writers were of Jesus chosen "12 apostles" he selected. The details in their writings testify to their First Century origin.

Additionally, some of the oldest of these manuscripts were dated by (source citation needed) to circa 25-50 years after they were to originally penned. These different writers provided differing glimpses into the life and teachings of Jesus Christ. That alone speaks volumes in the validity or historicity of person Jesus Christ.


 * - "Dismissing Christian testimony for the historicity of Jesus is like dismissing Roman testimony for the historicity of Caesar" – Unattributed.


 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/jesus-historical-jesus/did-jesus-exist/

- - - -
 * - Inspired Bible Writers:


 * - Matthew: Mattithyahu Lewi ben (Alpheus)
 * - Time of completion: possibly circa 41 C.E. based on subscriptions at the end of some ancient manuscripts.
 * - Some of the earliest preserved manuscripts: Papyri 104 located at the Ashmolean Museum which is dated circa 150 C.E.'''
 * - Relation: An eyewitness, a very close disciple and companion selected as a chosen Apostle.
 * - See:
 * - http://tv.jw.org/#video/VODBible/pub-nwtsv_400_VIDEO
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200273715
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_New_Testament_papyri

-


 * - Mark: Yehohanan Marcum.
 * - Time of completion: circa 60–65 C.E.
 * - Some of the earliest preserved manuscripts: ---
 * - Relation:

-


 * - Luke: Loukan ("The physician").
 * - About Luke: Luke was an outstanding historian. Luke was well educated and was a practising physician. Luke thoroughly interviewed eyewitnesses and close companions of Jesus Christ. And under holy spirit recorded the book of Luke.
 * - Time of completion (for the Gospel of Luke): Circa 56–58 C.E. - Completed the gospel of Luke.
 * - Time of completion (for the book of Acts): 61 C.E.''' - Completed the book of Acts 61 C.E.
 * - Some of the earliest preserved manuscripts: Papyri 4 dated presently located at the National Library of France which is dated to circa 175-250 C.E.''')
 * - Relation: an early disciple of Christianity, a physician, and a historian.

-


 * - John: Yehohanan ben Zebedee.
 * - Circa 96 C.E. - Completed the writing the book of Revelation
 * - Circa 98 C.E. - Completed the gospel of John and the three other books bearing his name.
 * - Some of the earliest preserved manuscripts:
 * - Relation: an eyewitness, a close disciple and companion to Jesus and possibly a relative.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200273140

-


 * - Paul: Shaul Ha-Tarsi
 * - Time of completion:
 * - Relation: a contemporary to Jesus and a later convert to Christianity. A student of Gamaliel, a distinguished member of Sanhedrin.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003406
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2006683?q=Sanhedrin&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanhedrin
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001604
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel

-


 * - James: Ya‛aqov ben Yosef (brother to Jesus).
 * - Time of completion (the book of James): before 62 C.E.)
 * - Some of the earliest preserved manuscripts:
 * - Relation: an eyewitness and a relative to Jesus.

-


 * - Jude: Yudah ben Yosef.
 * - Time of completion (book of Jude) circa 65.
 * - Some of the earliest preserved manuscripts:
 * - Relation: an eyewitness and a relative to Jesus.

-


 * - Peter: Shimon "(Kephas)" bar Yonah.
 * - Time of completion (book of Jude) (Circa 62–64 C.E.)
 * - Some of the earliest preserved manuscripts:)
 * - Relation: An eyewitness, a close disciple selected as a chosen Apostle, and companion to Jesus.

-

After the destruction of the temple in Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 C.E. many of non-Christian eyewitnesses of Christ Jesus died; numerous records, some possibly even referring to Jesus, were no doubt lost/destroyed. Following that a large-scale genocide were many of the Jews were slaughtered occurred. However, even still glimpses that attest to the historicity of Christ Jesus still emerge from outside of Bible.


 * - Food for thought
 * - Would it sound logical for these writers to depicted an individual they supposedly made up including elements his baptism, washing the feet of his disciples, his execution on a torture stake?
 * - The Early Christian disciples not only just acknowledged Jesus but actively proclaimed Christ Jesus' teaching, life, death and resurrection and doing that knowing it was lead to their death sentence. Early Christians did not participate in warfare (unlike Islam). So what convinced them?


 * - The 27 books of the "New Testament" alone provides documentation from 8 individuals living in the First Century to Jesus Christ.
 * - Check out:
 * - Greenleaf's testimony.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimony_of_the_Evangelists

- - - -
 * - Some of the references to Jesus - outside of the Bible:


 * - Yosef ben Matityahu ("Falvius Josephus"). Josephus was a Levite priest and a Jewish historian. Josephus' writings acknowledge both the existence of Jesus and Jesus' relative John the Baptist.
 * - (37 – Circa 100 C.E)
 * - (date/s composed... earliest manuscripts)
 * - See: the discussion of the "Testimonium Flavianum"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimonium_Flavianum


 * - Also see:
 * - Joesphus' references to John the Baptist
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#John_the_Baptist
 * - Joesphus' references James the brother of Jesus.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#James_the_brother_of_Jesus

-


 * - Publius Cornelius Tacitus. Tacitus was a Roman historian. - (56 C.E – AD 117 C.E)
 * - (date/s composed...)
 * - (earliest manuscripts)
 * - "Tacitus was certainly among Rome’s best historians" – Lawrence Mykytiuk.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Cornelius_Tacitus#Tacitus_on_Christ
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)

-


 * - Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus. Suetonius was a Roman historian.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius_on_Christ

-


 * - Lucian of Samosata. Lucian was an anti-Christian Greek satirist - (125 C.E – after 180 C.E) ("impaled" or "executed on a stake")
 * - (date/s composed...)
 * - (earliest manuscripts)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucian_of_Samosata_on_Jesus

-


 * - Mara Bar-Serapion Circa 73 C.E. ("King of the Jews")
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mara_Bar-Serapion_on_Jesus
 * - Disclaimer: It is unconfirmed if this as reference to Jesus or someone else.''

-

The Talmud also refers to Jesus’ miracles as “magic,” and records that he claimed to be God. It further mentions his execution on the eve of the Passover. Jewish testimony thus supports the New Testament position on the historical existence of Jesus."
 * - "The late Bruce Metzger of Princeton, has commented upon this appellation: The defamatory account of his birth seems to reflect a knowledge of the Christian tradition that Jesus was the son of the Virgin Mary, the Greek word for virgin, parthenos, being distorted into the name Pandera (1965, 76).
 * - Source material taken from:
 * - https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/26-historicity-of-jesus-christ-the


 * - Also See:
 * - Jesus reference in Talmudic literature
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_the_Talmud


 * - Polycarp an early so-called "Church Father" from 2nd-century - Circa 69 – 155 C.E*
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarp


 * - Celsus, a 2nd-century Greek philosopher, and opponent of Early Christianity, his work circa 177 C.E.*
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsus


 * - Porphyry of Tyre, an antagonist of Christianity
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porphyry_(philosopher)

- - - -
 * - Archaeology in the First Century:


 * - Coinage


 * - Lepton (plural: Lepta) - See: Luke 21:2
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_lepton


 * - Quadran - See: Mathew 5:26
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadrans


 * - Assarion - Matthew 10:29
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_(Roman_coin)


 * - Denarius - See: Matthew 10:20
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War


 * - The Tetradrachma coin - See: Matthew 17:24-27.
 * - What is the likelihood someone would have known about this type of coin, living a few centuries after this time period in which is existed?
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2008086?q=Tetradrachma&p=par


 * - Bethlehem:
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000694?q=bethlehem&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlehem


 * - Flight into Egypt.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_into_Egypt


 * - Luke 2:51, 52; Matthew 13:54-5 - Nazareth
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003190?q=Nazareth&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazereth
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Village


 * - Site identified by some as the childhood house of Jesus.
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2976157/Is-Jesus-childhood-home-Ancient-text-points-Century-structure-Messiah-lived.html?ITO=1490&ns_mchannel=rss&ns_campaign=1490


 * - Identification quarrey site for the stones of Second temple.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/temple-at-jerusalem/the-stones-of-herod’s-temple-reveal-temple-mount-history/


 * - Temple Warning inscription
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Warning_inscription


 * - Second Temple Inscription
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Temple#Missing_articles


 * - Mark 1:21-22; Luke 7:1-10 - Capernaum
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_in_the_synagogue_of_Capernaum
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum#Synagogue


 * - Excavations at of Capernaum thatch roof houses. - "removed the roof" - (Mark 2:1-4)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum#Archaeology


 * - Matthew 15:39
 * - Magdala (Magadan)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.newsmax.com/TheWire/home-mary-magdalene-unearthed-israel/2015/08/18/id/670589/


 * - Mark 8:8-10
 * - A site, possibly Dalmanutha.
 * - See:
 * - http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/3940919


 * - Leprosy.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/news-articles/0912/09121603


 * - Galilean boat
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102006284?q=sandbag&p=par
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2005602#h=0:0-6:0
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum#Fishing_vessel
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee_Boat


 * - John 4.
 * - "Jacob's well"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well


 * - John 4 - Mount Gerizim and Samaritanism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gerizim
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritans#Samaritanism


 * - John 5:1-9
 * - The Pool of Bethzeda (Bethesda).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_of_Bethesda
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/jerusalem/the-bethesda-pool-site-of-one-of-jesus’-miracles/


 * - Mark 1:21-28; John 6:25-59
 * - The synagogue at Capernaum.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum


 * - John 9:1-4 - Pool of Siloam
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloam
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2007523?q=siloam&p=par
 * - http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6750670/ns/technology_and_science-science/t/archaeologists-identify-traces-miracle-pool/#.VRURrfnF_bE


 * - See: Matthew 17:24-27. - The Tetradrachma coin. What is the likelihood someone would have known about this type of coin, living a few centuries after this time period in which is existed?
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2008086?q=Tetradrachma&p=par


 * - Gethsemane
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwt/E/2013/40/26#h=217:0-220:0
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gethsemane
 * - http://www.bib-arch.org/online-exclusives/easter-03.asp


 * - Hematidrosis
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hematidrosis


 * - High Priest Caiaphas.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam_ossuary


 * - The thirty pieces of silver.
 * - See:
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2008646?q=thirty+pieces&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_pieces_of_silver#Types_of_coin
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrian_shekel


 * - Herod's palace
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001750?q=Herod%27s+palace&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod%27s_Palace_(Jerusalem)
 * – http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2880605/Entrance-King-Herod-Great-s-palace-unearthed-Complex-set-corridors-leads-elaborate-hall-ruler.html'


 * - Simon of Cyrene - "A burial cave in Kidron Valley discovered in 1941 by E. L. Sukenik, belonging to Cyrenian Jews and dating before AD 70, was found to have an ossuary inscribed twice in Greek "Alexander Son of Simon." It cannot, however, be certain that this refers to the same person."- Wikipedia. - Mark 15:21.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya


 * - Akeldama.
 * - See: (Traditional site)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akeldama


 * - The resurrection: (Luke 24:34; John 20:26; Acts 1:2, 6; 21-23; 1 Corinthians 15:4-8; 14, 15) See: A Harvard professor and Christian apologetic work: "Testimony of the Evangelists"
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003709?q=resurrection&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Greenleaf
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testimony_of_the_Evangelist


 * - Tower of Siloam.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_of_Siloam


 * - Sepphoris: “the ornament of all Galilee”
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzippori


 * - The Crucifixion
 * - Crux Simplex
 * https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crux_simplex
 * - “Olive trees don't grow tall and straight, it branches everywhere, and there are a lot of holes in the wood, making it difficult to support the nails against the weight of the victim.” — CNN, What's 'true' about the cross that killed Jesus?, Michael McKinley is co-author, with David Gibson, of "Finding Jesus: Faith. Fact. Forgery.: Six Holy Objects That Tell the Remarkable Story of the Gospels."


 * - Flagellation.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation_of_Christ


 * - Hypovolemia.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypovolemia


 * - Pulmonary contusion ("which will lead to Pulmonary edema and impaired respirations")
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_contusion
 * - http://www.trauma.org/archive/thoracic/CHESTcontusion.html


 * - Pulmonary edema
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema
 * - http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pulmonary-edema/basics/definition/con-20022485


 * - Elevated levels of bilirubin
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilirubin


 * - Golgatha.
 * - If the passages at Matthew 27:50-54; Mark 15:37-30; Luke 23:44-49 are understood to signify the Roman army officer saw the curtain this would mean the temple was west of him. This would be mean an Eastern location (if that is accurate that both sites the Church Holy Sepulchre and the "Garden tomb" are not the real sites).
 * - See:
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001738?q=golgotha&p=par
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvary

- - - -
 * - People of the day: political rulers:


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-Biblical_sources#Gospels


 * - As shown above Flavius Josephus mentions: Jesus, James (the brother of Jesus) and John the Baptist.
 * - Check out:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Just
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist


 * - "Gospel writer Luke mentions seven ruling officials - whose names have been corroborated by secular historians."
 * - Luke 3:1, 2, 23 - April 1, 2012, The Watchtower, page 5, paragraph 1.


 * - Augustus (Octivan) Caesar. - Luke 2:1.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Caesar


 * - The Herodian Dynasty
 * - See:
 * - The Herodian dynasty was of Idumaean (Edomite) decsent:


 * - Herod I
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_the_Great
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodium


 * - Herod II: (Herod Archelaus)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herod_Archelaus


 * - Herod Agrippa I: ((Acts 12:1))
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrippa_I


 * - Pontus Pilate. - (The discovery in 1961 of the inscription at Caesarea Maritima which reads from Latin: "To the Divine Tiberius Augustus, (which) Pontius Pilate, (the) prefect of Judea, has dedicated)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilate_Stone


 * - "Edict of Caesar" Nazareth Inscription
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazareth_Inscription

- - - -
 * - People of the day: religious leaders:


 * - Chief Priest Annas: (Ananus Ben Seth). - (Matthew 26:3; Luke 3:2; John 18:19-23; Acts 4:6.).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annas


 * - Priest Caiaphas: (Yosef Bar Kayafa).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caiaphas


 * - "Rabban": Gamaliel I, ben Simeon ben Hillel.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel

- -


 * - Prophecy

- -


 * - Daniel 9
 * - Seventy weeks of years = 490 years:
 * - Start point: After the decree to rebuild Jerusalem.


 * - Daniel 9:25
 * - Jesus was baptized early autumn of 29 C.E. and anointed with holy spirit. - (His arrival)
 * - Christ Jesus was executed 33 C.E. - (His death)

- -


 * - Questions

- -


 * - Why haven't archeaologists found proof to supports the historicity of "massacre of the innocents"?
 * - According to critics: " Bethlehem was a small village, the number of male children under the age of two might not exceed 20, and this may be the reason for the lack of other sources for this history." We should remember that King Herod was known a cold-blood murder; who killed his own sons, and any others he felt could get in his way.


 * - Differences between the genealogies in the gospel accounts of Matthew and Luke?
 * - Matthew traces Joseph's line, while Luke follows the ancestry of Mary.


 * - Going to Bethlehem (Joseph's ancestral town) to register:
 * - Raymond E. Brown suggested that "One cannot rule out the possibility that, since Romans often adapted their administration to local circumstances, a census conducted in Judea would respect the strong attachment of Jewish tribal and ancestral relationships." - Wikipedia.
 * - Also see: Bethlehem seal dated to 800-700 B.C.E.
 * - What made these individuals confident even to the face of death about Christ Jesus life, death and resurrection?


 * - If scholars have entire departments set up for the studies of the Classics ...


 * - Who were the "magi"?
 * - The ancient Greek text of Matthew mention: "Magi" in a Matthew chapter two. The Magi were (in antiquity) a class of a heredity priesthood of the Medes (an Iranian peoples). Their religious beliefs and practices have been associated with ancient Iranian religious belief systems. The term "Magi" also occurs in the Hebrew Scriptures predating the Christian-era too.

In Jeremiah 39:3, 13, it mentions an individual named Nergal-Sharezer who held the title of Rab′mag (chief Magi), the footnote in 2013 revised edition of The New World Translation of the Holy scriptures states it also rendered alternatively as: “the chief magician (astrologer).” The term can broken up into two parts: Rab (Meaning: chief, think of title Rabbi) + Mag (Magi/magician). Since Nergal-Sharezer the Rab-Mag (Chief of the magi) was a Babylonian 'prince' (the term for an official of the Babylonian royal court) is, therefore, evident the term is not necessary strictly limited to in either the Hebrew-Aramaic or Christian Koine Greek languages to a particular Iranian religious chaste.


 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magi
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_Magi
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parthian_Empire
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jyotish


 * - The Gospel of Matthew identifies these men as being from "from the East." Although some (e.g., ...) has proposed the men could have come from the Yemen-Oman area which is technically eastwards of the land of Israel, in my opinion however does not seem likely, as same the same Gospel writer (Matthew) describes "the Queen of Sheba" (Yemen-Oman area) as the "Queen of the South" in Matthew 12:42.
 * - The Delitzch Hebrew Gospels (1877-1889) Hebrew text: "(Malkath Taiman)" Vine of David rendered literally into English as: "Queen of Teiman"
 * - Therefore from a Hebraic perspective, it seems evident that the Yemen-Omam area would have been more characterized by it dominant Southward nature then it technically is a bit east of the land of Israel. It seems plausible the "magi" were possibly the connected with region known as Parthia.


 * - Q. What are some reasons the First Century Jews might have been in expectation of the foretold Messiah.
 * - A.


 * - (Luke 2:10)
 * - 33.5 years old...


 * - 2 B.C.E. Jesus was born.
 * - 30 C.E.
 * - Jesus, in Sychar (Shechem) en route to Galilee witnesses to the Samaritan community. - John 4.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaritan
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_Well
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gerizim


 * - 31 C.E.
 * - 32 C.E.
 * - 33 C.E.


 * - Nisan/Abib 14 (Exodus 12:2-14; Le 23:5; Deuteronomy 16:1)
 * - Apostle sung the Hallels. -(Psalms 113-118)
 * - See:
 * - http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=MHkkOIdv04I


 * - See: Tyrian purple.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrian_purple


 * - Luke 9:59 "Likely reflects the practice of secondary burial" - The Jesus Discovery.


 * - Christ Jesus fulfills the description of foretold Messiah.


 * - Direct male descendant of Shem, Abraham, Isaac, Jacob/Israel.
 * - Genesis 9:26-27; 12:3, 17; 21:12


 * - Born of the tribe of Judah.
 * - Genesis 49:10
 * - Luke 3:23-33


 * - Direct male descendant from King David.
 * - Isaiah 9:7
 * - Matthew 1:1, 6-17


 * - Born of a virgin.
 * - Isaiah 7:14
 * - Matthew 1:18-25


 * - Declared by Jehovah to be his Son.
 * - Psalm 2:7
 * - Matthew 3:17


 * - A prophet.
 * - Deuteronomy 18:15


 * - Not believed in.
 * - Isaiah 53:1
 * - John 12:37, 38


 * - Zealous for Jehovah's house
 * - Psalm 69:9
 * - Luke 2:49


 * - Entered Jerusalem riding an ass.
 * - Zechariah 9:9
 * - Matthew 21:1-9


 * - Betrayed by a close associate.
 * - Psalm 41:9
 * - John 13:18, 21-30


 * - Betrayed for 30 silver pieces.
 * - Zechariah 11:12
 * - Matthew 26:14-16


 * - Assaulted.
 * - Isaiah 50:6; Micah 5:1
 * - Mark 14:65; 15:19


 * - False witnesses testify against him
 * - Psalm 35:11
 * - Matthew 26:59; Mark 14:56


 * - Silent before his accusers.
 * - Isaiah 53:7
 * - Matthew 27:11-14


 * - Lots cast for his garments.
 * - Psalm 22:18
 * - Matthew 27:35


 * - Reviled
 * - Psalm 22:7, 8
 * - Matthew 27:39-43


 * - Poisonous plant and vinegar given
 * - Psalm 69:21
 * - Matthew 27:34, 48


 * - None of his bones broken.
 * - Exodus 12:46; Psalm 34:20
 * - John 19:33, 36


 * - Buried with the rich
 * - Isaiah 53:5, 8, 9
 * - Matthew 27:57-60


 * - Raised - Resurrected - Does not see corruption
 * - Psalm 16:10
 * - Acts 2:24, 27; 13:35


 * - Exalted to God’s right hand
 * - Psalm 110:1
 * - Acts 7:56


 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003018#h=18:0-60:0
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002205#h=57:0-69:0
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1102005152#h=8:0-25:0


 * - NISAN 15
 * - NISAN 16 The resurrection.
 * - NISAN 17 (Genesis 8:4)


 * - Prophecies Jesus made:
 * - The message Jesus taught


 * - "Relics" and "places" associated with Christ


 * - Disclaimer: This user makes no comment to whether any of these relics or sites are authentic or not. This user is just making mention if them for the sake of reference.


 * - A traditional site believed to have been the place of Mary's home and the site if the "annunciation"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Annunciation


 * - A traditional site believed to be the location of the birthplace of Jesus.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity


 * - A traditional site believed to have been built on the spot where the Holy Family, Joseph, Mary and the infant Jesus Christ, rested at the end of their journey into Egypt.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saints_Sergius_and_Bacchus_Church_(Abu_Serga)


 * - Valencia chalice.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral
 * - Notes:


 * - Lances.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Lance
 * - Notes:


 * - Sudarium of Oviedo, or Shroud of Oviedo.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudarium_of_Oviedo
 * - Notes:


 * - Shroud of Turin.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_of_Turin
 * - http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229633.100-shroud-of-turin-depicts-yshaped-crucifixion.html#.U0EgiCm9LCQ
 * - 'Notes:
 * - Belived by many to be the burial linen of Christ. The blood on the shroud is real type AB blood. Is not a painting and the pollen on it is associated the Jerusalem area.


 * - Golgotha:
 * - See:


 * - Tomb of Christ:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_places_associated_with_Jesus


 * - References To The Cross:


 * - A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Original Greek Words with their Precise Meanings for English Readers (under the word stau•ros´).
 * - A Greek-English Lexicon, by Liddell and Scott (under the word xy´lon).
 * - An Expository Dictionary of New Testament Words, by W. E. Vine. (London, 1962), W. E. Vine, p. 256 and 1981, Vol. 1, p. 256.
 * - Die Geschichte Jesu, (The History of Jesus), Vol. 2, Tübingen and Leipzig, 1904, pp. 386-394,
 * - Die kirche der Heimat, (The Church of the Homeland), issue of August 2, 1951.
 * - Das Kreuz und die Kreuzigung, (The Cross and Crucifixion,) by Hermann Fulda.
 * - Dictionnaire Encyclopédique Universel (Encyclopedic Universal Dictionary).
 * - Dual Heritage—The Bible and the British Museum.
 * - History of the Christian Church - (New York, 1897), J. F. Hurst, Vol. I, p. 366.
 * - Gibbon’s History of Christianity, Eckler’s edition, 1891.
 * - La Nación, (newspaper) writer José Alberto Furque
 * - Letters from Rome, Dean Burgon.
 * - Strange Survivals.
 * - Symbols Around Us, Sven Tito Achen, Danish historian.
 * - The Ancient Church, by clergyman W. D. Killen says (1859 edition, page 316).
 * - The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 4, p. 191
 * - The Catholic Encyclopedia, edition of 1908, Vol. 4, page 517; the footnote on pages 312, 313.
 * - The Catholic Digest magazine, May, 1948, page 108.
 * - The Chambers’s Encyclopaedia, (1969 edition).
 * - The Companion Bible (published by the Oxford University Press, London, 1885), Appendix No. 162, on page 186 in the “Appendixes”.
 * - Cyclopædia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature.
 * - Dictionary of Subjects & Symbols in Art, J. Hall.
 * - The Ecclesiastical Review, of September, 1920, No. 3, of Baltimore, Maryland, page 275.
 * - The Encyclopædia Britannica (1946 edition), Vol. 6, p. 753. and Vol. 1, page 666)
 * - The Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th edition, Volume 7, p. 506.
 * - The Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics.
 * - The Encyclopedia Americana.
 * - The Greek Septuagint version.
 * - Great Religions of the World.
 * - The Imperial Bible-Dictionary.
 * - The Interpreter’s Dictionary of the Bible, (under stau•ros´)
 * - The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1979)
 * - The Latin dictionary by Lewis and Short, (under crux).
 * - The New Encyclopædia Britannica.
 * - The New Catholic Encyclopedia, (1967), Vol. IV, p. 486.
 * - The New Schaff & Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge.
 * - The Non-Christian Cross, by J. D. Parsons (London, 1896) pp. 133-141.


 * - A discussion on the origin of the cross introduction into worship.


 * - Amulets and Talismans, Sir E. A. Wallis Budge.
 * - A Short History of Sex-Worship (London, 1940), H. Cutner, pp. 16, 17;
 * - Curious Myths of the Middle Ages.
 * - Daily News, Ted Noffs, a Methodist minister in Sydney, Australia comments.
 * - Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine, by Cardinal Newman.
 * - Essays on the Worship of Priapus, by Richard Payne Knight.
 * - History of the Christian Church, J. F. Hurst, Vol. I, p. 366.
 * - History of the Conquest of Mexico, by William H. Prescott.
 * - Funeral Tent of an Egyptian Queen, by Villiers Stuart.
 * - Masculine Cross and Ancient Sex Worship, by Sha Rocco.
 * - M’Clintock and Strong’s Cyclopœdia, Vol. 4, page 503.
 * - New Light on the Most Ancient East, by archaeologist V. Childe (1957, p. 185).
 * - Presenze giudaiche e cristiane a Pompei (Jewish and Christian Presences in Pompeii)
 * - Sex and Sex Worship by O. A. Wall states on page 359.
 * - The Ancient Church by clergyman W. D. Killen says (1859 edition, page 316).
 * - The book Indian Antiquities.
 * - The Cross in Ritual, Architecture, and Art (London, 1900), G. S. Tyack, p. 2.
 * - The Mythology of All Races.
 * - The Rigvedic Culture of the Pre-Historic Indus.
 * - The Standard Dictionary of Folklore, Mythology and Legend
 * - The Worship of the Dead (London, 1904), Colonel J. Garnier, p. 226.
 * - Two Babylons, by Alexander Hislop. (page 245, footnote).
 * - (http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CROSS_Sacral_Stavros_from_the_Temple_Repositories_of_Knossos_1600_BCE_Heraclion_Museum_Greece.JPG)
 * - ::The book Great Religions of the World says: “Cortés and his followers recoiled from human sacrifices of the Aztecs and what seemed like satanic parodies of Christianity: . . . venerating crosslike symbols of wind and rain gods.”


 * - Check out the Native American/First Nation peoples' traditional "medicine wheel." The representing "four winds."


 * - I agree regarding the book entitled the Two Babylons, but I am menetioning a wide range of historic content & information. As for some the sources being older, it only ephasizing the point it has long known by scholars. It in no cancels the information. The reality is also the list is far from exhaustive. Plus, not all others are that old. And even the fact modern encyclopedias are repeating the same information shows much of that information has remained the same, and been information has still very consistent.


 * - “On the eve of the Passover Yeshu [Jesus] was hanged." _ Babylonian, Talmud.--Anaccuratesource (talk) 02:58, 18 August 2009 (UTC)


 * - Compare: Galatians 3:13; and Deuteronomy 21:22, 23.
 * - Compare: John 3:13-15; and Numbers 21:4-9.


 * - Stau·ros: in both the classical Greek and Koine carries no thought of a “cross” made of two timbers.
 * - Xylon: also occurs in the Greek Septuagint at Ezra 6:11, where it speaks of a single beam or timber on which a lawbreaker was to be impaled.


 * De cruce libri tres, Antwerp, 1629, p. 19, one such (non-cross) instrument of torture is illustrated by Justus Lipsius - 1547-1606.
 * by Varus (Jos. Ant. XVII 10. 10), by Quadratus (Jewish Wars II 12. 6), by the Procurator Felix (Jewish Wars II 15. 2), by Titus (Jewish Wars VII. 1). Quote a reference source: "Anything other than a simple hanging is ruled out by the wholesale manner in which this execution was often carried out: 2000 at once by Varus"


 * - (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04517a.htm)
 * - (http://www.britannica.com/)
 * - (http://members.cox.net/srice1/books/parsons/parsons.htm#CH3)

--Anaccuratesource 22:10, 13 September 2010 (PDT)
 * - Constantine the Roman Emperor venerated the Solar Wheel.
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross#Pre-Christian_cross-like_symbols)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross#History)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swastika)


 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002159?q=stake&p=par


 * - As noted above, The book Das Kreuz und die Kreuzigung (The Cross and the Crucifixion), by Hermann Fulda, Breslau, 1878 on pages 219, 220 supports a single beam.
 * - See:
 * - https://archive.org/details/daskreuzunddiek01fuldgoog


 * - The Era of the Apostles


 * - Andrew:
 * - See:


 * - Bartholomew (Nathanael):
 * - See:


 * - James, son of Alphaeus:
 * - See:


 * - James (son of Zebedee):
 * - See:


 * - John:
 * - See:


 * - Judas Iscariot: (expelled and replaced)
 * - See:


 * - Matthew:
 * - See:


 * - Matthias:
 * - See:


 * - Peter:
 * - See:


 * - Philip:
 * - See:


 * - Simon ("Cananaean."):
 * - See:


 * - Thaddaeus (Judas, son of James):
 * - See:


 * - Thomas:
 * - See:

-


 * - Paul
 * - See:
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003406

-


 * - Josephus:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephus


 * - Jewish high priests:
 * - See:
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002023?q=high+priest&p=par


 * - Caesars:
 * - See:
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200270999


 * - Acts 19:35
 * - Felix procurator of Judea
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Felix


 * - Acts 19:35
 * - Festus procurator of Judea
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porcius_Festus


 * - Gamaliel the Elder, the grandson of Hillel
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamaliel_the_Elder

-


 * - Acts 18:12-17 - The tribunal at Corinth where Paul was tried
 * - See:
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kx8WhbNi2Go


 * - Acts 18:12-16
 * - The Bema.
 * - http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-NntvRUqCV9c/UfiHpEhQYOI/AAAAAAAAAfc/15LgtbpXNfA/s1600/Corinth+bema+and+Acrocorinth,+tb031706107+800.jpg


 * - Phrygian the language of Iconium.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrygian_language


 * - Politarchs The word "politarchs" There was arch found in the Thessalonica containing the names of city rulers described as "politarchs" — exactly the word used by Luke. "The accuracy of Luke has been vindicated by the use of the term," explains W. E. Vine in his Expository Dictionary of Old and New Testament Words." - (Acts 17:6)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politarch


 * - Erastus - Erastus was the city treasurer of Corinth and the Erastus insription. - Romans 16:23
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth


 * - "Court of Gentiles"
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_the_Gentiles#Herod.27s_Temple


 * - The Areopagus.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areopagus


 * - Did Peter really go to Babylon? "Jesus assigned Peter to concentrate his preaching on the circumcised Jews." - Galatians 2:9. "In Mesopotamia, Media and Babylonia lived the descendants of members of the kingdom of the ten tribes [of Israel], and of the kingdom of Judah, once deported there by the Assyrians and the Babylonians." - The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ (175 B.C.–A.D. 135) Flavius Josephus mentioned that the Jews in the first century C.E. who "dwelt about Babylonia" numbered into the tens of thousands. The chief centres of Jewish population outside Palestine were in Syria, Asia Minor, Babylonia, and Egypt, each of which is estimated to have had at least 1,000,000 Jews." - The New Encyclopædia Britannica. "In the third to the fifth centuries C.E., these Jewish communities produced the work known as the Babylonian Talmud."


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources


 * - Gallio.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus


 * - Candace, the Queen.
 * - Candace (or "Kandake") is an honorific title for Queens and Queen mothers in "the ancient African Kingdom of Kush, also known as "Nubia" and "Ethiopia.""
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandake


 * - Places and things


 * - Ephesus
 * - Read:
 * - Acts 19:27
 * - The temple of Artemis
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis


 * - The Island of Patmos.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Patmos#Island_of_Patmos


 * - Pergamon:
 * - Asclepius
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asclepius
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesculapian_snake
 * - Pergamon Altar
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon_Altar
 * - Pergamon Serapis Temple
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergamon#Serapis_Temple
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-sites-places/biblical-archaeology-sites/pergamon-2/

Aboriginal peoples of the Americas

 * - Questions:


 * - Where did the Inuit and First Nations and Meso-American tribes & peoples come from?


 * - What does the cultural teach us about their origins?


 * - Can all trace their ancestry to Asia?


 * - Did some come by boats?


 * - Did some come from Europe?
 * - See:
 * - Ma'lta
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%27ta
 * - Solutrean hypothesis - has not yet been properly supported.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solutrean_hypothesis


 * - Who did the indigenous Americans descend from?


 * - What does DNA (genetics) show? (Q: Q-M242, Q1a3a, Q1a3a1a; C: C3b ...?, R1) (mitochondrial: D1, D4h3a)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-DNA_haplogroups_in_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas


 * - What language/-s did they speak? (Linguistics).
 * - Theories:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dené–Yeniseian_languages
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeniseian_languages#Den.C3.A9.E2.80.93Yenisean
 * - http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6050673836854498204#


 * - What does linguistics evidence (accurate and professional) say?
 * - Native Languages usually high morpheme-to-word ratio, animate and inanimate forms, head-marking.


 * - What does the archaeology show?


 * - What would be an exhaustive list of the oral traditions about the origin of the indigenous peoples?


 * - How did the sweet potato arrive in Polynesia?
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact#Polynesians
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-Columbian_trans-oceanic_contact#Linguistic_theories
 * - http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Ipomoea/index.html


 * - How did the bottle-gourd arrive in America?
 * - http://www.pnas.org/content/102/51/18315.long (article debated now)


 * - Did any ships sail to and from the Americas before the Vikings? Maybe on reed boats?
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_boat
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugout_canoe


 * - What's the truth?
 * - Bering Strait model: Alaska to the Island is 37km and 35km from Russia.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.mensjournal.com/travel/events/karl-bushbys-walk-around-the-world-crossing-the-bering-strait-2006-20130514


 * - Mammoths, did they all go extinct tens of thousands of years?
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolly_mammoth#Extinction
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangel_Island#cite_note-4
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul_Island,_Alaska


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems


 * - Un-deciphered:


 * - Olmec.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascajal_Block


 * - Isthmian.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isthmian_script


 * - Zapotec.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapotec_language


 * - Mixtec.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixtec


 * - The Bible shows us that migration of the First Nations people, at the very earliest, could have only happened almost some 4,400 years ago instead of the "10,000-70,000" years ago.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_culture#Evidence_of_human_habitation_before_Clovis
 * - Based on: Carbon-14 dating (not necessarily accurate), excavation levels (not necessarily accurate either).


 * - Some of the plant-based food sources for the Anishinaabe people:


 * - E.g.,
 * - Acorns. – (like nuts, flour) (Acorn water used smooth the skin: rashes, sunburn, bee sting, etc.,) – (http://www.motherearthnews.com/Nature-Community/1988-09-01/A-Fall-Field-Guide-to-Nuts.aspx?page=2)
 * - Amino acids:
 * - American chestnuts. –
 * - Cattails. -
 * - Cedar, Red (Actually juniper) – (young red cedar needles, usually referred as a women's medicine)
 * – See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuja (Diabetes)
 * - Climbing beans. 8 - Three sisters. (Maize, climbing beans and squash.)
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refried_beans
 * - Blackberries. – (Ellagic acid)
 * - Blueberries. – (Anti-aging, skin, brain health)
 * - Birch syrup. –
 * - Prickly pear cactus
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nopal
 * - Elderberry.
 * – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elderberry#Medicine
 * - Maize. 8 - Three sisters. (Maize, climbing beans and squash.) (Soaked alkali-water) in certain village nothing of corn goes to waste: they use the pollen: to pollinate; the stocks: (for whatever) the leaves: to feed animals; roots: to feed animals; husks: wipe cooking utensils, make tamales/cook stuff, cobs: fuel for fire (to cook with) and they use the ashes.
 * - http://eco-ideas.net/kitchen/post/id/51
 * - http://www.pnas.org/content/99/9/6080.long
 * - Hominy http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hominy
 * - Ethanol.
 * – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol
 * - Corn oil.
 * – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_oil fuel.
 * - Corn tea. – big in Korea:
 * – (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksusu_cha)
 * - Corn silk tea.
 * – http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksusu_cha
 * - Popcorn. -Ancient popcorn discovered in Peru.
 * - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/03/120325173008.htm source of antioxdants (air-popped better than microwaved).
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupusa
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tortilla
 * - http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Aug02/CornLiu.bpf.html
 * - Corn paper
 * - http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,929105,00.html
 * - Other:
 * - (http://www.ontariocorn.org/classroom/products.html)
 * - Maple syrup (See: information type 2 Diabetes).
 * - Mint. –
 * - Mulberries. –
 * - Pawpaw. –
 * - Pine. –
 * - Popular tree gum. –
 * - Raspberries. – (berry, leaf which is used in tea)
 * - Sassafras. – (…; Disclaimer)
 * - Slippery elm. –
 * - Spicebush tea. – (Herbal tea)
 * - Spruce. – sap, gum, needles, tea (high vitamin C content). (often refered to as a men's medicine)
 * - Squash and Pumpkin – (Squash/pumpkin seeds; phyosterols cancer).8 - Three sisters. (Maize, climbing beans and squash.)
 * - Pepita (Pepita de la calabaza)
 * - Amino acid: L-tryptophan & Cucurbitin. – (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucurbitin)
 * - • - Minerals: Copper, Iron, Manganese, Magnesium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Zinc.
 * - • - Protein
 * - • - Vitamins: Carotenoids, B, C, D, E, & K.
 * - Essential fatty acids: Myristic acid; Palmitic acid; Palmitoleic acid; Stearic acid; Oleic acid; Linoleic acid; Linolenic acid; Arachidic acid; Gadoleic acid; Behenic acid.
 * - Use to treat: Anxiety disorders, Anti-hypertensive, Anti-Parasitic. (See: cucurbitin), Arteriosclerosis, Cardio-vascular, Cholesterol lowering, Clinical depression, Heart disease, Mood disorders; Inflammation (for example that associated with arthritis). IBS, Insomnia, Kidney medicine. – (when grandma was young they used to treat kidney pain), Immune system; Mens Health (Prostates; sexual, etc).
 * - Usage: Pepitas (pumpkin seeds), oil, in mole (sauces e.g., Pipián which can used on enchiladas)
 * - Pricky Pear Cacti.
 * - Sunflower seeds. –
 * - Amino acid: Tryptophan.
 * - Minerals: calcium, copper, Iron, Folate, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Phosphorus, and Zinc. Selenium.
 * - Vitamins: E, B1, B5 (pantothenic acid), B6, the essential fatty acid linoleic acid,
 * - As well being a source of dietary fiber.
 * - Sunflower seed oil.
 * – (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunflower_seed_oil#Skin_protectant)
 * - Sweet potatoes.
 * - Tubers.
 * - ‘Wild’ grapes.
 * - ‘Wild grasses.’
 * - ‘Wild’ honey.
 * - ‘Wild’ onions.
 * - ‘Wild’ rice.
 * - White sage.


 * - Some things of interest:


 * - The Creator: The Great Spirit (causing of our being). – (Genesis 1:1; 2:4; Exodus 3:14)
 * - Ancient spirit-beings. – (Genesis 1:26; Job 1:6; 38:7; 1 Peter 3:19, 20; 2 Peter 2:4, 5; Jude 6, 7)
 * - The earth; Mother-earth (Adamah). – (Genesis 2:7)
 * - The first man and woman. – (Genesis 2:7)
 * - Food a gift from the Creator. – Tree, fruits, seeds, grass. – (Genesis 1:29; 9:3, 4).
 * - Sense of stewardship. – (Genesis 1:29; 9:3, 4)
 * - Living off the land. – (Genesis 1:29)
 * - Family. – (Genesis)
 * - Time of harmony. – (Genesis 1-2)
 * - The tree of life. – (Genesis)
 * - The trickster. – (Genesis 3)
 * - Serpent. – (Genesis 3)
 * - Music: Flute, drum, rattle. – (Genesis 4:21)
 * - A time of fighting. – (Genesis 6:11)
 * - Shape-shifting spirits. – (Genesis; Jude)
 * - Giants. – (Wiindigoog) – (Genesis 6:1-4; Numbers 13:33)
 * - Flood. – (Nanabozo) living creatures spared by wooden structure so life was preserved. (creatures as Bagwajiwininiwag) - (Genesis 6-8)
 * - Raven. – (Genesis 8:7)
 * - A Language change. – (Genesis 11:1)
 * - Usage of flint. – (Exodus 4:25)
 * - Incense; associated with prayer. – (Exodus 25:6, compared with Genesis 8:21; 37:25) (compare with: "smudging:" sage, "cedar", tobacco, etc.,)
 * - Eagle. – (symbol of wisdom) – (Job 39:29) (Also see: Deuteronomy 32:11; Psalm 103:5; Proverbs 23:5; 30:17, 18; Obadiah 1:4; Micah 1:16; Habbukkuk 1:8; Revelation 4:7)
 * - Wisdom valued.
 * - Animals used as teach lessons. – (Genesis)
 * - Stories to teach lessons. – (Genesis-Revelation)
 * - Thanks-giving. – (Genesis 4:3; 8:20)
 * - Injustice. – (Ecclesiastes 8:9)


 * - Bear symbolism:
 * - Deer (Roebuck and stag) symbolism:
 * - Lion symbolism:
 * - Wolf symbolism: Genesis 49:27; Isaiah 1:6; 11:6; 65:25; Ezekiel 22:27; Matthew 7:15; John 10:12.


 * - What is the model of stages (Paleo, archaic and post-archaic) based on? "Present One of the most enduring classifications of archaeological periods & cultures was established in Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips' 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology. They divided the archaeological record in the Americas into 5 phases. These divisions have been replaced in most of North America by more local classifications with a more elaborate time breakdown".


 * - Common secular views:


 * - "The earliest firm evidence of a human presence in North America occurs ca. 13,000 years ago with the arrival of a group known by archaeologists as Palaeo-Indians (or Clovis)... the archaeological evidence of the approximate date of their arrival is about as incontrovertible as it gets from a scientific perspective, and is supported by thousands of independently-run radiocarbon dates.There is some evidence of earlier occupations in Alaska ca. 14-15,000 years ago, and perhaps as far south as Chile, though these are generally ephemeral and sometimes disputed by archaeologists. Indeed, controversy surrounding Pre-Clovis peoples prior to ca. 13,000 years ago is the primary point of debate regarding early peoples in the Americas, not if they arrived later. - Matt Betts.


 * - Secular range:


 * - 13,000 (Matt Brett).
 * - 14,000 (Matt Brett), (CBC 2012 article)
 * - 15,000 - (Matt Brett), (Science Daily, 2012 article), (Nature, 2012 article), (Francis Collins)
 * - 16,000 (Nature)
 * - 17,000 - (Science Daily).
 * - 20,000.
 * - The above is a range of (7,000 years)


 * - These dates are largely based on soil levels and radiocarbon dating.

-


 * - Acclaimed ancient pre-historic sites:
 * - Chile (Mounte Verde)
 * - New Mexico (Clovis)
 * - Oregon (paisley caves)


 * - Know if the understanding of Bible chronology present above is correct, were talking approx. their arrival happening in about a third of the time (1/3).

-

The early aboriginal first nation peoples settled in this land thousands of years ago.

These early inhabitants had a wealth of knowledge. They were able to live off the land.

They also brought plants as maize (corn), climbing beans, squash, and certain tubers and other grains.

I believe that the prickly Pear cacti were actually probably brought my aboriginal first nation peoples.

Many aboriginal first nation people used the cacti as a food source.


 * - European connection possibility and explorations of the Americas


 * - See: Mal'ta Siberia, Russia (Eurasia). (shortly after the flood)
 * - Solutrean possibility, (France, Basque, Spain, Portugal). (shortly after the flood)
 * - Greek possibility. (Plutarch)
 * - Irish possibly, Legend of St. Brendon.
 * - Vikings, Scandinavia (see: Sami people as well speaking of Scandinavia). (986 Bjarne Herjulfron, Eric the Red said to born in Bæren district of Rogaland, Norway, etc)
 * - Basque fishermen possibility. - Circa, 1300-1400s.
 * - Christopher Columbus. - 1492


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kon-Tiki
 * - http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread329091/pg1


 * - Mal'ta site in the Usolsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation, Russia (nicknamed: MA-1). - (Y-Chromosome: R-M207, mitochondrial: Haplogroup U)
 * - Anzick, in southwestern Montana, United States of the America (nicknamed: Anzick-1). - (Y-Chromosome: Q-L54, mitochondrial: D4h3a)
 * - Hoyo Negro site


 * - Evidence had shows that the ancestors of the known indigenous peoples* of the Americas (* peoples – because they were not simply just one people, but actually there are many peoples some of which very different languages) came from region of Eurasia (Far East Asia and Far East Europe) thousands of years ago to 'the Americas.' – It's evident: Aboriginal peoples/Nations were in 'the Americas' as long as there were people living in 'the Americas.' Numerous Aboriginal Nations including the Algic peoples (including the: Anishinaabee) traditionally associate their origins to events preceding and succeeding a Great Flood.


 * - Additionally "Population Y"
 * - http://www.theverge.com/2015/7/23/9023299/two-new-studies-offer-dueling-theories-about-native-american-origins


 * - The thing is: the term “here” gets into a semantic thing. Whether some want to admit it or not the term “here” is vague and subjective.


 * - Just a side note: even in the Beringia migration model, Beringia was part of "Turtle Island" (North America) actually. The USA 'bought' Alaksa from the Russian government and it became an American State in the 1867. Legends are important. However any intelligent person knows legends have their place though. Legends can prove invaluable especially in cultural understandings, oral sources provide a reservoir of knowledge on the usage of plants fro things like medicine, hygiene etc and can even insight historically as well at times. However, oral sources can also be problematic at times as some are contextually dependent, their origins are uncertain, others are contradictory and even sometimes biased and erroneous. That's why they should be weighed out and examined.


 * - 1) – Examination of anthropological evidence Anthropologists have identified the features and traits that most Indigenous people have and are associated with people of East-Asian and other (North-Eastern) Eurasian peoples. These examples include:
 * - Thicker diameter out of all human hair
 * - More gracile skulls
 * - The measurements and shape the Zygomatic (cheekbones)
 * - The measurements and shape Rounder orbit (eye sockets)
 * - The Dentitions (the teeth): the sinodont and sundadont patterns.
 * - and the list goes on and on.


 * - 2) – Examination of Genetic evidence:
 * - We have the examples of Y-DNA Haplogroup (C3, Q3, R1),
 * - MT-DNA
 * - Blood type.


 * - Y-DNA Haplogroup C and Q are present in highest frequencies in East-Asia and (North-East) Eurasia as well as the Americas. A side note the presence of the 9RA (9 repeat allele) doesn't disprove that. The 9RA (9 repeat allele) is actually documented to present among the Chukchi peoples (who live/lived around the sea of Okhotsk in particular Chukchi peninsula of Siberia, Russia) and Koryaks peoples (who live/lived in and around Kamchatka) indigenous peoples to Western Beringia. That particular “allele was not identified in the large number of Asian populations tested (Perhaps because this is a mutation that arose in populations as they approached” “...('Beringia') or because the sample size was not big enough to detect it”). I recommend researching genetic drift.
 * - Source material:
 * - http://www.thegeneticgenealogist.com/200...


 * - Comparisons: had already proven successful with ancient DNA from a boy
 * - A boy from the Mal'ta site in the Usolsky District, Irkutsk Oblast, Siberia, Russian Federation, Russia (nicknamed: MA-1). - (Y-Chromosome: R-M207, Mt-DNA/mitochondrial: Haplogroup U)
 * - A boy from Anzick, in southwestern Montana, the United States of America (nicknamed: Anzick-1). - (Y-Chromosome: Q-L54, mT-DNA/mitochondrial: D4h3a)
 * - A girl from Hoyo Negro site, in the Tulum Municipality, Quintana Roo, (Caribbean coast of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the Sistema Aktun Hu) Mexico (nicknamed: Naia). - (MT-mitochondrial: D1) to only name a few.
 * - The Kennewick man: (Y-Chromosome: Q-M3, mT-DNA/mitochondrial: X2a)
 * - See:
 * - http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vnfv/ncurrent/full/nature14625.html
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8u-1Av9h1g


 * - 3) – Examination of linguistic evidence.
 * - Preface: Linguistics has it challenges and limits for example:
 * - 1) There as not as many resources to study indigenous languages or its possible distant Eurasian/so-called 'Old World' relatives some which are extinct and or on the brink of extinction.
 * - 2) These languages split over thousands of years. That's thousands of years of evolving (and blending) languages. Even today many known related Languages are not mutually intelligible, from one to the other and although related in origin as not very similar (although similar is kind of subjective term).
 * - 3) A lot of indigenous language of the Americas and their possible candidates for distant Eurasian/ so-called 'Old World' language relatives did not have a phonetic writing system. Which would make the arduous task the study and comparison between these languages much easier. Have let's not limit creativity. There's the possibility certain languages were artificially constructed/blended for trade and other purposes? Even still seeming progress is being made The Na-Dene languages.

Assyrian History:

 * - Asshur – Genesis 10:22
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000442
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asshur
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur_(god)


 * - Nimrod – Genesis 10:11, 12; Micah 5:6
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200003259?q=nimrod&p=par

-


 * - Shalmaneser III – (...)

-


 * - Shamshi-Adad V.

-


 * - Semiramis (Shammu-ramat).

-


 * - Adad-nirari III
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adad-nirari_III

-


 * - Shalmaneser IV

-


 * - Ashur-dan III

-


 * - Ashur-nirari V

-


 * - Tiglath-Pileser III

-


 * - Shalmaneser V

-


 * - Sargon II – 2 Kings 17:6
 * - Inscriptions from Sargon's palace at Khorsabad testify to this event.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)#Assyrian_invasion
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorsabad#Archaeology

-


 * - Sennacherib – 2 Kings 18:13-19:36, 37; Isaiah 36:1–37:37
 * - See: Taylor Prism.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sennacherib_prism


 * - Sennacherib's assassination: The Bible says that two of his sons, Adrammelech and Sharezer, put Sennacherib to death. (2 Kings 19:36, 37) Yet both the account attributed to Babylonian King Nabonidus and that of the Babylonian priest Berossus of the third century B.C.E. mention only one son as involved in the slaying. Which was correct? Commenting on the more recent discovery of a fragmentary prism of Esar-haddon, Sennacherib’s son who succeeded him as king, historian Philip Biberfeld wrote: “Only the Biblical account proved to be correct. It was confirmed in all the minor details by the inscription of Esar-haddon and proved to be more accurate regarding this event of Babylonian-Assyrian history than the Babylonian sources themselves. This is a fact of utmost importance for the evaluation of even contemporary sources not in accord with Biblical tradition." - "Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation?", page 27, paragraph 27, published by Jehovah's Witnesses.

-


 * - Ashurbanipal:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashurbanipal

-


 * - Disclaimer: this section is still under renovation.

Animal life

 * - Camel
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel

---


 * - Dog, Canaan
 * - Psalms 68:23; Proverbs 26:17
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaan_Dog

---


 * - Jackel
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackel

---


 * - Fox
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulpes_vulpes

---


 * - Cobra, Egyptian (Naja haje).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naja_haje

---


 * - Lion, African
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_lion

---


 * - Lion, Asiatic
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_lion

---


 * - Jerboa
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerboa

---


 * - Ostrich, Arabian.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabian_Ostrich

---


 * - Rock badger.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_badger

---


 * - Viper
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vipera_ammodytes

Book List:

 * - This is a list of books I heard some referenced to:


 * - Disclaimer: --


 * - A list:


 * - Delitzsch's Hebrew New Testament*
 * - Greek Myths and Mesopotamia (1994) by Charles Penglase.
 * - Is God a Moral Monster?: Making Sense of the Old Testament God, by Paul Copan
 * - Meir Ha-Levi Letteris (Ta'amim)
 * - Moons, Myths and Me, by H.S. Bellamy.
 * - Myths of Creation, by Philip Freund.
 * - Religions of the Ancient Near East, Daniel C. Snell, University of Oklahoma.
 * - http://www.cambridge.org/gb/knowledge/isbn/item5731874/?site_locale=en_GB
 * - The Greek Myths (1992) by R. Graves.
 * - The Origins of Greek Religion (2004) by B.C. Dietrich.
 * - 3rd edition of Emanuel Tov's "Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible.
 * - Hebrew names written in cuneiform in archives from Nippur here:
 * - http://library.universalhistory.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/baylonia3.pdf
 * - Biblical Hebrew Home Study, by Dr. Danny Ben-Gigi.
 * - The Great Inception: Satan's Psyops from Eden to Armageddon, by Derek P. Gilbert.
 * - Books about Noah's ark.
 * - http://noahsark.it/Books.htm
 * - 'http://noahsark.it/studies_by_palego.htm


 * - Databases:
 * - http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/ctij
 * - http://cdli.ucla.edu/

Death:

 * - Sheol (she’olah): Hebrew verb sha’al, meaning “ask; request.” A Compendious Hebrew Lexicon, Samuel Pike states “the common receptacle or region of the dead; so called from the insatiability of the grave, which is as it were always asking or craving more.”
 * - See:
 * - Genesis 37:35; Proverbs 30:15, 16 (The passage in Proverbs is a beautiful scripture highlighting this point).


 * - Condition of the dead:
 * - Genesis 3:19; Ecclesiastes 9:5, 10; Psalms 146:4.
 * - The English expression: "pushing daisies" does not mean English speakers necessary believe the some spirit of the deceased is literally pushing daisies upward from the ground.
 * - "As the last enemy, death is to be brought to nothing."
 * - See:
 * - 1 Corinthians 15:26, NWT.

Discussion with Philip J. Rayment
if that was the case.
 * Your opinion on what God would have done, without good reasoning as to why ("to avoid confusion" I think begs the question) is hardly a good argument.
 * You said that the physical effects of the flood couldn't have been so great as to destroy those rivers. The other way of looking at it is that the physical effects would have been sufficient to destroy those rivers, so they can't be the same rivers.  It seems that you are forming an opinion on a major factor (the extent of change wrought by the flood) on a questionable detail (that the rivers out of Eden still exist), which seems back to front.
 * Philip J. Rayment 03:47, 19 January 2012 (PST)


 * -	That’s the thing, we simply don’t know all the specifics. However there real reason to doubt it just because. God did inspire this text in which Moses to wrote: “And the name of the third river is Tigris (Hiddekel); it is the one going to the east of Assyria (Asshur). And the fourth river is the Euphrates (Pherath).
 * -	If one said location x was located is the whereabouts of where the Blue Nile flows eastwards in the land of Sudan and the White Nile goes forth. What’s the logical conclusion? The person would be referring to a location in North-eastern Africa.
 * -	Likewise, If a person said location x was located in the where the source of river Tigris flowed which is the east of land of Assyria and the Euphrates; at a time when these once shared one source. The logical conclusion? The Person would be referring to a location in Northern Mesopotamia.
 * -	How the Euphrates and Tigris survived? We don’t know the details, but they evidently did. It's not a questionable detail. God gave a specific location the Israelites would understand.


 * -	We know prior to flood that there were mountains, rivers and sea basins. – (Genesis 1-2, 7:19)
 * -	The water drained somehow. – (Genesis 8:13)
 * -	And at the same time the flood would created canyons and mountains and etc.
 * -   No human alive today at this time would know the exact details and specifics.--Anaccuratesource 12:02, 19 January 2012 (PST)


 * I'm finding much of your reply hard to follow.
 * Your analogy with the Nile presumes that we know where the Niles start, and that they haven't changed.
 * Your conclusion of a Northern Mesopotamian location doesn't work for the Gihon going through Cush.
 * Finally, your claim that God gave a location that the Israelites would understand presumes that Moses was not using older documents, and that the original was therefore intended for the Israelites, a point that I have questioned.
 * Incidentally, two men called at the front door yesterday, and I asked them about the one day equals 7,000 years thing, and they agreed that this is what they used to believe, but have since changed their minds.
 * Philip J. Rayment 20:10, 24 January 2012 (PST)


 * - I did some research, and you're right that was an old understanding. We don't know for sure the exact length of a creative days. However, I would suspect (based on: Hebrews 4:4-6, 11) they probably last thousands of years.


 * - I'm not trying to argue.


 * - Moses could have used older documents. However, he at the same time seems to used language his readers would understand too. And another reason that I personally favor this understanding, that the Tigris and Euphrates, is in particular because the what Bible says: "...the name of the third river is Hiddekel (the Tigris); it is the one going to the east of Assyria. And the fourth river is the Euphrates." - (Genesis 1:14, NWT) Inductive reasoning (like the duck test) would seem to favor the location Eden having "the Tigris" which "the one going to the east of Assyria" (ancient kingdom which ruins are modern-day Northern Iraq) and the Euphrates.


 * - It might be possible Cush does not necessary refer to a region in Eastern-Africa. Many different places have been proposed to be the “land of Kush” referred to in this passage including ones in: Central-Asia, Mesopotamia, or Arabian Peninsula. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassites) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush). and I was not arguing that the river courses would have changed. Also the river Gihon has not been identified with 100%. Although one possible candidate might be the Araxes.


 * - The LXX seems to favors the understanding the rivers Euphrates and the Tigris in Eden are the same Euphrates and Tigris that flowed through the Middle-East. Although "the land of Cush" was rendered the land of the Ethiopia, the river Gihon was not rendered as the Nile.


 * - Evidence indicates Hebrew was the first language. That being the case, if one rivers had a non-Semitic name it could favor one these rivers survived. Which I think would be exciting.


 * - The flood's power was great enough to change or destroy these rivers depending on the circumstances. However we don’t know all the details. We don’t know for a certainty all the details of how the flood flowed and drained.
 * - I'm not dogmatic on this, but we know this: that some plants (Genesis 8:11), sea basins and mountains seemed to have survived. So could it be plausible that two great rivers did too provided there source did?


 * - I don't believe we can say the creative days were 6 x 24 hr days. The term rendered "day" could mean many things which was even indicated by that article on "days of creation" which might I add is against any non-24 hr understanding. (See: Genesis 2:4)
 * - Adding weight to the contrary though, I will read this quote from a magazine: "Interestingly, while the Bible specifically mentions the end of each of the first six “days,” it makes no mention of the end of the seventh day. Why? That day is still in progress. Genesis 2:3; Hebrews 4:4-6, 11."--Anaccuratesource 12:56, 26 January 2012 (PST)

Divine Name:

 * - History: Genesis 2:4 is the first occurrence of the Divine name in the Hebrew Bible. The theoretical original pronunciation might have been "Yahueh" We have the possible Judean Pronunciation "Yahueh" or maybe Yahweh. Whereas we know the Samaritan pronunciation was "Yahbe/Yabe" (Samaritan pronounce the letter waw/waa as baa).


 * - Personally, although I am not being a scholar in Hebrew favor this theory: because of the existence of numerous Hebrew names containing the prefix/suffix: -Yahu-. Favorable Greek and Ethiopian transliterations: Iahueh and Iahbeh. Theory based on a musicological understanding of the Hebrew Ta'amim: all seem to favor a three-syllable pronunciation. (Ya-hu-eh versus Yah-weh)


 * - A quote from the appendix of the revised: New World Translation, 2013 edition:
 * - "What is the meaning of the name Jehovah? In Hebrew, the name Jehovah comes from a verb that means “to become,” and a number of scholars feel that it reflects the causative form of that Hebrew verb. Thus, the understanding of the New World Bible Translation Committee is that God’s name means “He Causes to Become.” Scholars hold varying views, so we cannot be dogmatic about this meaning. However, this definition well fits Jehovah’s role as the Creator of all things and the Fulfiller of his purpose. He not only caused the physical universe and intelligent beings to exist but as events unfold, he continues to cause his will and purpose to be realized. Therefore, the meaning of the name Jehovah is not limited to the related verb found at Exodus 3:14, which reads: “I Will Become What I Choose to Become” or, “I Will Prove to Be What I Will Prove to Be.” In the strictest sense, those words do not fully define God’s name. Rather, they reveal an aspect of God’s personality, showing that he becomes what is needed in each circumstance to fulfill his purpose. So while the name Jehovah may include this idea, it is not limited to what he himself chooses to become. It also includes what he causes to happen with regard to his creation and the accomplishment of his purpose."


 * - Other references:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehova
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YHWH

Clothing in Biblical times

 * - Cotton.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton


 * - Leather.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leather


 * - Linen.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linen


 * - Sackcloth.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sackcloth


 * - Silk.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silk


 * - Wool.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wool


 * - Other:


 * - Tallit
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallit


 * - Keffiyeh
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keffiyeh


 * - Tzitzit Fringe
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzitzit


 * - Chiton
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiton_(costume)


 * - Also See:


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_in_the_ancient_world#Ancient_Israelite_clothing

Finds:

 * - Pool in Kibbutz Tzuba.
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzova#Archaeology


 * - Large Stone Structure in 2005. (Eilat Mazar and Amihai Mazar).
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Stone_Structure


 * - Archaeological Discovery In Jordan Valley: Enormous 'Foot-Shaped' Enclosures.
 * - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090406102600.htm


 * - '10th century wall' in Jerusalem. - Ancient city walls around the City of David. (Eilat Mazar )


 * - Finding at Nahal Tut. (Amir Gorzalczany and Gerald Finkielsztejn).
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nahal_Tut


 * - Khirbat en-Nahas/copper mines in Jordan (Edomites). (Canadian archeologist Russell Adams, along with Thomas Levy of the University of California at San Diego and Mohammad Najjar of the Jordanian Department of Antiquities) - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khirbat_en-Nahas


 * - Ancient Canaanite wall, Jerusalem. (Eli Shukron).
 * - Ancient synagogue found in Israel. (Dina Avshalom-Gorni).
 * - The road on the Madaba map. (Dr. Ofer Sion). - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madaba_Map
 * - First century house in Nazareth. (Yardenna Alexandre).
 * - Ancient South Arabian inscription confirms trade relations between “towns of Judah.” - Mentioned in the January-February, 2010 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR), there is an article entitled “Solomon and Sheba, Inc.”
 * - Anicent games. - http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/unearthed-board-games-shed-light-on-ancient-holy-land-trivial-pursuits.premium-1.502466


 * - Interested in:


 * - The Samaritans. - http://shomron0.tripod.com/articles/articles.html
 * - The treasure of the copper scroll, Dead Sea Scroll. - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_scroll
 * - Yet to be discovered biblical manuscripts.
 * - The ancient graveyard, at Beth Sarim, Israel. (Contains a stone carved replica of the menorah/the temple lampstand).
 * - The treasure from the temple of Jerusalem. - (Book: God's Treasure)
 * - Caesaria, Israel. (See: marine archaeology)
 * - New technology for testing dig sites. - http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israeli-scientists-get-heads-up-on-underground-archaeological-digs-1.349009
 * - Shaaraim (Possibly Khirbet Qeiyafa) - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaaraim


 * - http://m.theatlanticcities.com/technology/2013/08/how-drones-are-helping-peru-save-its-ancient-temples-pyramids-and-cities/6666/


 * - Hazor palace archives yet to be discovered. - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/08/12/e2809cLB-Palace-Here-We-Come!e2809d-Reflections-on-the-2010-Season-at-Hazor.aspx


 * - http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/202936/7811818.html
 * - '''http://www.jewishpress.com/news/archaeology-news/bilingual-boundary-stone-discovered-at-tel-gezer/2012/05/31/)
 * - http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/israeli-archaeologists-find-rare-ancient-jewelry-at-megiddo-site-of-the-biblical-armageddon/2012/05/25/gJQA6UrepU_story.html
 * - http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/10/071026210336.htm
 * - http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/19732/scholars-excavate-proof-of-kings-david-and-solomon/ evidence favoring King David's existence?
 * - http://www.vegetarismus.ch/vegepet/tyke.htm a story about supposed vegetarian lion.
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/book-of-nehemiah-found-among-the-scrolls Discovery of Nehemiah Dead Sea Scroll fragments.


 * - http://m.phys.org/news/2012-05-archaeologists-lost-language.html
 * - http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/10/213313.html
 * - http://www.jpost.com/NationalNews/Article.aspx?id=269164
 * - http://www.sgvtribune.com/news/ci_20561251/apu-archaeologist-search-artifacts-ruins-biblical-era-town
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmyra
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menander_of_Ephesus


 * - Hebrew, An Overview:


 * - Hebrew


 * - "Hebrew is remarkable for its brevity, the frame of its structure allowing for such terseness. Aramaic, the closest to Hebrew of the Semitic tongues, is by comparison more ponderous, roundabout, wordy."
 * - Insight on the scriptures, volume two, under Hebrew, page 1073.


 * - Brevity: "Concise and exact use of words in writing or speech. shortness of time. From Latin brevitas, from brevis 'brief.'" - Oxford.


 * - Terse: "Sparing in the use of words." - Oxford.

- -


 * - Ancient Hebrew phonology:

- -


 * - Alef (Ox). – (ʔ)  (is not ayin)


 * - Bayit (House). – (b) - (Allophonically: v)


 * - Gamal (Camel? Foot?) – (g) – (Allophonically: ʒ)


 * - Dalet (Door?). – (d) – (Allophonically: ð)


 * - He' (Man: Behold). – (h) – (Allophonically: hh)


 * - Waw – (w) & (û) – (is not vav)


 * - Zan – (z)


 * - Heth – (ħ) & (χ)?


 * - Teth – (tʼ) – (is not taw)


 * - Yad (arm). – (j)


 * - Kaf (hand). – (k) (Allophonically: χ) - (not the same as qof)


 * - Lam (staff). – (l)


 * - Nun - (n)


 * - Mayim – (m)


 * - Samehh – (s)


 * - Ayn (eye). – (ʕ) – (is not aleph)


 * - Ghayn (twisted rope?). – (ɣ) – (this letter merged with Ayin)


 * - Pe' (mouth). – (p) – (Allophonically: f)


 * - Tsadheh – (t͡s)


 * - Quf – (q) – (not the same as kaf)


 * - Resh – (ɾ) –  (tapped)


 * - Shin (two front teeth). - ʃ & (ɬ).


 * - Taw (mark). – (t) – (Allophonically: θ) - (is not teth)

- -


 * - The Hebraic "family tree:"


 * - Proto-Semitic > Proto-Hebrew... (*Canaanite shift: a > o e.g., Shalam > Shalom. )


 * - PreExH/Pre-Exilic Hebrew


 * - Early...


 * - Judahite Hebrew - (JEH)...


 * - (Northern-Kingdom) Israelite Hebrew...


 * - Post-Exilic - (PostExH; Post-Exilic Hebrew)..


 * - Qumran - BHQum...


 * - Tiberian -


 * - Babylonian - BHPal - Biblical Hebrew pointed with Palestinian Vocalization (from c. 7th c. CE)


 * - Palestinian - BHBab - Biblical Hebrew pointed with Babylonian Vocalization (from late c. 9th c. CE)


 * - BHGk-Lat - Biblical Hebrew as reflected in Greek and Latin transcriptions (mainly 3rd c. BCE-4th c. CE)...


 * - MidH - Medieval Hebrew. Various forms of Hebrew c. 1000-c. 1850 C.E.


 * - Rabbinic Hebrew...

- -


 * - Modern Dialects:


 * - Ashkenazi Hebrew.


 * - Italian Hebrew.


 * - Mizrahi Hebrew.


 * - Modern Israeli Hebrew. - (Aleph and Ayin.)


 * - Samaritan. (Waw is baa)


 * - Sephardi Hebrew.


 * - Yemenite Hebrew (e.g., Sana'ani and 'Adeni dialects).


 * - Wrong pronunciation = An unauthentic sound, a loss of the original rhythm, and a loss of poetic rhymes.

- -


 * - There's no proof that Moses' wife Zipporah died and re-married a Cushite woman
 * - Habakkuk 3:7.


 * - According to the Bible, the Biblical Levite priests descended from Aaron (the brother of Moses)
 * - Leviticus 10:1-11


 * - Not every single person in a court or region has baring on the language worked. - ...


 * - According to the Bible, Jerusalem was choosen by God.
 * - Genesis 14:17, 18; 22:2; Deuteronomy 12:5; 26:2; 2 Chronicles 7:12; Psalms 76:2; 78:68.


 * - Job 4:14
 * - "Pachad"


 * - "Garfinkel bases his identification on a three-letter verb from the inscription meaning to do, a word he said existed only in Hebrew."
 * - See:
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/jewish-world/news/have-israeli-archaeologists-found-world-s-oldest-hebrew-inscription-1.256305


 * - Genesis 41:51 nashani (see Arabic).

- -


 * - Earliest Hebrew in scripture: 1513-1473 B.C.E.
 * – Genesis, Job, Exodus, Leviticus, Deuteronomy, Psalm 90 & possibly Psalm 91 - (Source...)


 * - "The vigorous authentic style of Hebrew poetry used in the book of Job makes it evident that it was an original composition in Hebrew,..." - (Source...)


 * - "It could not have been a translation from another language such as Arabic." - (Source...)


 * - Interesting facts:


 * - There are 8674 different Hebrew words in the Bible. -


 * - The Hebrew word Yadh literally meaning arm with it's different uses is translated in over 40 different way in most English Bible translations. This is because words share concepts. -


 * - Makes it practical...


 * - New reader...


 * - It's Biblical Hebrew let's get serious. - (Muslims have tajweed)

- -


 * - 'Aleph is


 * - Behth.


 * - Ayin


 * - Ghayin does exist!


 * - Waw is waw not vav.

- -


 * - Make it practical...


 * - New reader...


 * - It's Biblical Hebrew let's get serious. (Muslims have tajweed)


 * - Songs.

- - - -
 * - History of Writing:

- -


 * - History of Writing:

- -


 * - Footnote: references to Holy bible are used in the proceedings.


 * - Early references to writing In the bible
 * - Passages probably, alluding to writing:
 * - Genesis 38:18, 25 – “seal ring” – Time: circa 1750 B.C.E
 * - Genesis 41:42 – “signet ring” – Time: 1737 B.C.E.
 * - Job 19:23, 24; 31:35 – Time period written circa 1613.


 * - Dates mentioned are based on the study of Biblical chronology, as presented in the book entitled: “All Scripture Is Inspired of God and Beneficial,” published by the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.


 * - It's remarkable the Biblical chronology indicates that circa 2269 B.C.E. the dispersing at Babel occurred. Secularist have estimated the earliest human to be circa 3,200 B.C.E. Keeping in mind the later is what secularist guesstimate.


 * - "It seems ridiculous that we should be expected to believe man could not read or write for all that time, then suddenly within a very short time, perhaps not even a hundred years, he was writing all over the Middle East in a number of languages!" - David Livingston.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/am/v3/n2/cave-dwellers

- -


 * - Ancient lost literature:

- -


 * - Numbers 21:14
 * - "The book of the Wars of Jehovah."


 * - Joshua 18:9
 * - Described land "in a book."


 * - Joshua 10:13 and 2 Samuel 1:18.
 * - The "book of Jasher."


 * - 1 Kings 11:41
 * - The "book of the Acts of Solomon."


 * - 1 Kings 14:19
 * - The "book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel."


 * - 1 Kings 14:29
 * - The "book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah."


 * - 1 Chronicles 27:24
 * - The "Chronicles of King David"


 * - 2 Chronicles 12:15
 * - The "book of Shemaiah the prophet, and of Iddo the visionary by genealogical enrollment"


 * - 2 Chronicles 20:34
 * - The "book of Jehu, the son of Hanani - mentioned in the Book of the Kings of Israel."


 * - Esther 10:2
 * - "The book of the affairs of the times of the kings of Media and Persia."

- -


 * - Genealogical records:

- -


 * - First-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus, in his work The Life, "recorded in the public registers."


 * - "As to custody of the records of priestly families, Josephus, in his work Against Apion, stated that his nation gave the task to "men of the highest character."


 * - The Jewish Encyclopedia states: "A special officer seems to have been entrusted with these records, and a court of inquiry is mentioned as having been instituted in Jerusalem."


 * - "Non-priestly Jews would register in their fathers’ cities. (Luke 2:1-5) The resulting public archives were evidently consulted by the Gospel writers. Private records also seem to have been preserved by individual families." – The Watchtower...

Jonah

 * - Jonah referenced in the Holy Scriptures.
 * - (Matthew 12:40)


 * - Question: Did Jonah die before the fish swallowed him?
 * - According to Jonah 2:1 Jonah prayed to Jehovah from the with the inwards* of the fish. - (* Note: that the original Biblical Hebrew word denoting "from the fish" literally signifies the bowels (innards) of the fish.) Since the Bible shows death as the opposite of life and dead being unconscious Jonah must have been alive within the fish.


 * - List of some possible candidates for the creature which swallowed Jonah:
 * - Sperm whale.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm_whale
 * - http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/sperm-whale/


 * - Whale shark.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_shark
 * - http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/fish/whale-shark/


 * - White shark.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_white_shark


 * - Traditional sites associated with the Prophet Jonah.
 * - Mosque of the prophet Jonah in Mosol, Iraq, attacked by ISIS in 2014. - (36°20'52"N  43°9'33"E)


 * - DISCLAIMER: Traditional sites are not always a reliable guide.

Music of the Bible
See the following articles:


 * - The Watchtower, February 1, 2012, page 22.
 * - The Awake, March 2011, pages 14-16.
 * - The Watchtower, December 1, 2009, pages 26-30
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_music_in_the_biblical_period

-


 * - String instruments:


 * - Kinnor - (Lyre, "Harp") - (Genesis 4:21; 1 Samuel 16:16, 23) - The Kinnor is an ancient instrument mentioned in the Bible. And the Kinnor is often translated "harp" or "lyre" into English. - (the King James Version, The New World translation). Possibly bonded together with bitumen. - (See "Noah's ark", and "Moses"). Evidence shows it had a sound box, sound board, sound holes, two arms, a crossbar, a bridge, and strings probably made from gut and or vegetable fibers.
 * - Sources:
 * - http://www.rakkav.com/biblemusic/pages/instruments.htm


 * - The Bible shows the even in antiquity the value placed on tonewood (e.g., Algum and Juniper). The Kinnor is similar to the Greek Kithara. "In about half of the 42 occurrences of kinnor in the Bible, the translators of the Septuagint rendered it by the Greek kithara." - (Insight on the scriptures, under harp, published by Jehovah's Witnesses). Greek: Kithara > Latin: Cithara > Andalusian Arabic: Qitara > Spanish: Guitarra, French: Guitare, and the German: Gitarre > English: Guitar.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinnor
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyre
 * - http://www.mid-east.com/Kinnor-Harp


 * - Nevel ("String instrument", harp).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevel_(instrument)
 * - http://www.mid-east.com/Strings/Nevel-Harp


 * - Shalish - (Lute) - 1 Samuel 18:6, 7
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OudZither


 * - Qathrohs - (Zither) - Daniel 3:5, 7
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zither
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guqin

-


 * - Wind instruments:


 * - Sumponyah - Bagpipe - Daniel 3:5, 7
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagpipe


 * - Chalil - Flute - 1 Samuel 10:5
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flute


 * - Yovel - Ram's horn. - (Exodus 19:13)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar


 * - Shofar - Horn
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shofar


 * - ‛Ughav - Pipe
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_(instrument)


 * - Chatsotserah - Trumpet - (Numbers 10:2; 31:6)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trumpet
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_primitive_and_non-Western_trumpets


 * - Nehiloth? - (.)

-


 * - Percussion Instruments:


 * - Pa'amon - Bells - Exodus 28:34-35
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_(instrument)


 * - Metsiltayim (Cymbals).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymbals


 * - Sistrum - 2 Samuel 6:5
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistrum


 * - Tof (tambourine)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabret
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambourine

-


 * - Tonewood:
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonewood
 * - Algum: possibly red sandalwood.
 * - See:
 * - Juniper:
 * - See:

-


 * - Musical terms in the Bible:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.rakkav.com/biblemusic/index2.htm
 * - '''http://www.rakkav.com/biblemusic/pages/instruments.htm


 * - Alamonth:
 * - (soprano)


 * - Gittith:
 * - Haïk-Vantoura said...
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer


 * - Higgaion:
 * - "May signify either a solemn, deep-toned harp interlude or a solemn pause conducive to meditation."
 * - Source Material:
 * - Insight on the Scriptures, under, Higgaion.


 * - Shoshannim: (Lily) "From the character of the psalms mentioning it -- full demeanor (Ps. 45), desperate supplication (Ps. 60), tragic (Ps. 80) -- one might think of a [plucked] string instrument like a 'cello, or [perhaps] a long-necked lute [such] as existed in Asia Minor and in Egypt?" - Haïk-Vantoura
 * - See:
 * - http://www.rakkav.com/biblemusic/pages/instruments.htm


 * - Yeduthun: (Jeduthun) Haïk-Vantoura said: `Al-yedutun	This "is most likely a stringed instrument known particularly to Jeduthun (1 Chron. 25:3), one of the three choir directors appointed by David. It is used in Ps. 39 (great sadness), Ps. 62 (despair), and Ps. 77 (fervent supplication). This instrument must have had a unique timbre like the modern viola, discrete but penetrating."


 * - Mahalath:
 * - "A term, evidently musical, found in the superscriptions of Psalms 53 and 88. It may be related to a Hebrew root verb meaning “grow weak; fall sick,” thereby suggesting a gloomy and sad tone, which would harmonize with the somber content of the two songs." - (Glossary, New World Translation 2014 Revised edition)
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002841#h=2:110-2:255
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahalath


 * - Maskil:
 * - "Maskil. A Hebrew term of uncertain meaning in the superscriptions of 13 psalms. It possibly means “contemplative poem.” Some think that a word similar in form, translated ‘serve with discretion,’ may be related in meaning.—2Ch 30:22; Ps 32:Sup." - (Glossary, New World Translation 2014 Revised edition)


 * - Miktam:
 * - "A Hebrew word used in the superscriptions of six psalms (Ps 16, 56-60). It is a technical term of uncertain meaning, though it may be related to the word “inscription.”" - (Glossary, New World Translation 2014 Revised edition)


 * - Muth-Labben: ("traditionally said to mean: "[concerning] the death of the son.” - Insight on the scriptures.)
 * - "A term in the superscription of Psalm 9. Traditionally, it meant “concerning the death of the son.” Some suggest that it was the name or perhaps the opening words of a familiar melody to be used when singing this psalm." - (Glossary, New World Translation 2014 Revised edition)


 * - Selah: (found in Habbukkah) "Weigh this!"


 * - Sheminith: (“eighth”)
 * - A musical term literally meaning “the eighth” that may refer to a lower musical register, or mode. For instruments, the word probably pointed to those that produced the bass tones of the musical scale. For songs, it likely referred to musical accompaniment in a lower range and sung accordingly. — 1 Chronicles 15:21; Psalms 6:Sup; 12:Sup." - (Glossary, New World Translation 2014 Revised edition)
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1001061175#h=300:0-300:335
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biblical_names_starting_with_S
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer
 * - http://www.rakkav.com/biblemusic/pages/thekey.htm

Persons of Interest:

 * - "Y-chromosomal Adam."
 * - "Mitochondrial Eve."
 * - Pharaoh Sobekhotep III. [13th dynasty period, ancient Egyptian history]


 * - Rashi (Shlomo Itzchaki of Troyes) - A possible descendant from the tribe of Benjamin? -
 * - Judah Lowe the Elder of Prague -

- -
 * - Joseph Dayan.


 * - Kohen. (Descent from antiquity: DFA)
 * - Samaritans peoples (which include):
 * - The Tsedakah lineage, claiming descent from the tribe of Manasseh - (Son of Joseph).
 * - The Joshua-Marhiv lineage, claiming descent from the tribe of Ephraim - (Son of Joseph).
 * - The Danfi lineage, claiming descent from the tribe of Ephraim - (Son of Joseph).
 * - The priestly Kohen lineage from the tribe of Levi. See: Kohen (Descent from antiquity: DFA) - (Sons of Levi)
 * - The Kohen are associated with Haplotype: J.

-


 * - Last common male ancestor (Y-Chromosome): Noah. Japheth, Shem, and Ham share the same biological father.
 * - Last common female ancestor (Mithrocondical DNA): Probably Eve? This due to Mrs. Japheth, Mrs. Shem, and Mrs. Ham apparently did not share the same mother.


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-Biblical_sources

Plants of the Bible

 * - Almond - (Amygdalus communis)
 * - (The essential oil derived from Amygdalus communis is used in modern-day aromatherapy. It is usually used as a carrier oil.)
 * - See:

-


 * - Apple – (Malus)
 * - Used to sweeten the breath, aphrodisiac. – (Song of Solomon 7:8)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malus_sieversii

-


 * - Aloeswood - (Aquilaria agallocha)
 * - Aphrodisiac. - (Numbers 24:6; Psalms 45:8; Proverbs 7:17; Song of Solomon 4:14; John 19:39)
 * - See:

-


 * - Amomum - (the term "cardamom") - (Revelation 18:13).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amomum_villosum

-


 * - Balsam - (Commiphora opobalsamum)
 * - (Song of Solomon 5:1, 13; 6:2?). In massage treatments. (Esther 2:12)
 * - See:

-


 * - Balsam of Gilead
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balsam_of_Mecca ?
 * - (Pistacia lentiscus)?
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistacia_lentiscus

-


 * - Bdellium - (Commiphora wightii)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bdellium
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commiphora_wightii

-


 * - Caper plant (Capparis spinosa)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caper
 * - Used to stimulate desire or appetite. - (Ecclesiastes 12:5)

-


 * - Cassia - (Cinnamomum cassia)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_aromaticum
 * - Aphrodisiac. - (Psalms 45:8)

-


 * - Cedar of Lebanon - (Cedrus libani)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_of_Lebanon

-


 * - Cinnamon - (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)
 * - (The essential oil derived from cinnamomum zeylanicum is used in modern-day aromatherapy).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_zeylanicum
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon
 * - An aphrodisiac.

-


 * - Cypress - (Cupressus sempervirens).
 * - (The essential oil derived from Cupressus sempervirens is used in modern-day aromatherapy)

-


 * - Frankincense
 * - See:
 * - http://blogs.timesofisrael.com/after-1500-years-frankincense-returns-to-the-holy-land/
 * - http://www.royalhojari.com/products.html

-


 * - Henna - (Lawsonia inermis).
 * - Dyes and cosmetics for centuries.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henna
 * - Still used in perfumes today.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.mehandi.com/shop/attar/index.html
 * - Aphrodisiac.

-


 * - Judean sage (Salvia judaica)
 * - Note the similarity of the shape of the menorah.

-


 * - Juniper - (Juniperus excelsa) & (Juniperus phoenicia)
 * - (The essential oil derived from Juniperus excelsa is used in modern-day aromatherapy)
 * - See:

-


 * - Labdanum - (Cistus ladanifer - "Rockrose")
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockrose

-


 * - Mandrake - (Mandragora officinarum)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandrake_(plant)
 * - An aphrodisiac.

-


 * - Myrrh - (Commiphora Abyssinica).
 * - (The essential oil of Commiphora Abyssinica is used in modern-day aromatherapy)
 * - Incense (Exodus 30:23). Aphrodisiac. - (Psalms 45:8; Proverbs 7:17; Song of Solomon 1:13; 4:6, 13,14; 5:1, 5, 13) in massage (Esther 2:12) burial (John 19:39)
 * - See:

-


 * - Saffron - (Crocus sativus) - (Song of Solomon 4:14).
 * - See:
 * - http://www.kesaribeauty.com/philosophy/

-


 * - Spikenard - (Nardostachys jatamansi)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spikenard
 * - An aphrodisiac. Also used in burial. - (Song of Solomon 1:12; 4:13, 14; Mark 14:3-9; Matthew 20:2; John 12:3-8)

-


 * - Other plants not mentioned in the Bible but found at archaeological sites
 * - Peaches
 * - See:
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/what-peach-did-they-dare-to-eat-at-masada-1.205842
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peach* - The attempt at revitalization of ancient plants in Israel
 * - Dates
 * - See:
 * - Grapes
 * - See:
 * - Olives
 * - See:

-

Also see:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine


 * – Ancestors to King David.

- - -

Islam, Christianity and The Bible

 * - Introductory notes:


 * - About Myself:

I am a Christian Witness of the only One and Living True God Jehovah*, the Maker of Heaven and earth; I am no part of Christendom. I reject the false doctrines and practices of Christendom including that of the trinity, as well holiday celebrations as Easter, Halloween, Christmas, etc*, as well prayers to 'Saints', and the usage of images/icon are veneration. We are the "people of the book" and are believers in the truth. We are non-violent and recognize the Holy Bible as the authoritative Word of God.

The goal behind this and the candor approach below is a sincere examination for and of spiritual truth utilizing comparisons, notations, and summaries. The Following includes some passages which are references to the old law in the Holy Bible, these passages were added to contrast to Islamic law and various beliefs within the processing Islamic world, as well as to add context.


 * - There is neither convincing evidence Muhammad was even a descendant of Abraham (as no genealogical records as were the Israelites) nor Mecca or Kaaba being referenced in the Bible of Israelite literature, and or the claim the Kaaba was built by Adam and Abraham and Ishmael.


 * - Adultery
 * - Definition:
 * - "voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and a person who is not his or her spouse"
 * - (Muhammad had sex with his adopted son's wife and captured women).
 * - This is adultery on his part.
 * - Read
 * - The Bible:
 * - Exodus 21:16 ; Timothy 5:1, 2 ; Leviticus 18:15  ; 20:10  ; Deuteronomy 24:7  ; Matthew 5:27-32 ; 19:8, 9 ; Mark 10:11, 12 ; Luke 16:18 ; Romans 7:3 ; 1 Corinthians 7:10 ; Hebrews 13:4


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur’ān:
 * - Surat An-Nisā', 4:24, Surat Al-Mu'minūn 23:5, 6


 * - Adding and subtracting from the Bible
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Deuteronomy 4:2 ; 12:32 ; Revelation 22:18, 19 '''


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur'ān: (in its entirety...)


 * - Angels
 * - In Islam have no free will and are claimed to always serve God.
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible: Job 1:6-12 ; 2 Peter 2:4 ; Jude 6, 7


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:


 * - "Angel" who declared "good news" contrary to the Good news in the Bible.
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Galatians 1:8, 9
 * - Compare: 1 Timothy 4:1-4 ; 2 Corinthians 4:4; 11:14.


 * - Daniel 8:16-19; 9:20-23; 10:8-11; Luke 1.
 * - The angel Gabriel said phrases* like: "Do not be afraid" "You have found favor in God", and "you are very precious"


 * - The Qur'ān credits "Gabriel" as the one who brought the Qur'ān
 * - <More to come>


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur'ān: (in its entirety...)


 * - Drinking alcohol:
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - 2 Samuel 13:28 ; Esther 1:10 , Psalms 104:15  ; Ecclesiastes 2:3  ; 10:19  ; Zechariah 10:7  [...]; Matthew 11:19 ; Luke 7:34 ; John 2:3-11 ; 4:46 ; 1 Timothy 4:3 '''


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur'ān:
 * - Surat Al-Mā'idah, 5:90


 * - False prophets:
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Deuteronomy 13:1-5 ; 18:20-22 ; Matthew 7:15 ; 24:11
 * - Compare:
 * - Surat Al-'A`rāf, 7:157


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur'ān:
 * - Surat Al-Ĥaj (The Pilgrimage) - 22:52


 * - Fasting:
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Matthew 6:16-18 ; Colossians 2:20-23 ; 1 Timothy 4:1-3


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur'ān:


 * - Free will versus predestination:
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Deuteronomy 30:19 ; Job 1:9, 10  ; Isaiah 55:7


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur'ān:


 * - God: 


 * - "God" according to Islamic sources:
 * - According to the Qu'rān:
 * - Surat Al-Falaq (The Daybreak) - 113 (summary: Claims he created evil) -


 * - Name.


 * - Holidays: (Islamic)
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Colossians 2:16, 17 ; 2 Corinthians 6:14, 17


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qur'ān:
 * - 2:185


 * - Ramadan
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramadan


 * - Eid al-Adha
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha


 * - Hospitality:
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Matthew 5 ; 7 ; 14:13, 14 ; 19:13-15 ; Mark 6:31-34 ; 10:13-15 ; Luke 9:10-17 ; 18:15-17 ; John 4:6 ; Acts 20:35 ; Romans 12-14 ; 1 Corinthians 10:31 ; Galatians 5:22, 23 ; 1 Timothy 3:2 ; 5:10 ; Titus 1:8 ; Hebrews 13:2 ; 1 Peter 4:9 ; 3 John 8.


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - Qur'ān:
 * - Surat Al-Baqarah, 2:193 ; Surat Al-Mā'idah, 5:33 ; Surat Al-'Anfāl, 8:12 ; Surat At-Tawbah, 9:1, 2, 5, 29, 123 ; Surat Al-'Aĥzāb, 33:53 ; Surat Aş-Şāffāt, 37:18


 * - Jesus Christ (Messiah)
 * - Jesus Christ is the Messiah. He is perfect/sinless "the son of God" born of a virgin
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Matthew 1:1...


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - Qur’ān:
 * - 'Āli `Imrān 3:45 ; Al-'Anbyā', 21:19.
 * - Note: Muhammad was NOT perfect/sinless, neither was divine (of God) and born of a virgin. Therefore he cannot be greater than Jesus Christ. Jesus was preached non-violence, and was known for his forgiveness and unselfish love and warned of false prophets.
 * - Islam denies the death and resurrection of Christ Jesus.


 * - Eid al-Adha
 * - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eid_al-Adha)


 * - Marriage/divorce ground:
 * - See: adultery
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Genesis 2:24; 4:19-24 (Polygamy first mentioned among the corrupt line of Cain); Matthew 5:27-32 ; 19:8, 9 ; Mark 10:11, 12 ; Luke 16:18 ; Romans 7:3 ; 1 Corinthians 7:10 ; 1 Corinthians 7:2 1 Corinthians 9:5 (a wife, not wives) ; Hebrews 13:4.


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:


 * - Also See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Jahsh


 * - Monogamy versus Islamic polygamy.


 * - Also see:
 * - Houri
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houri


 * - Muhammad:
 * - An adulterer/fornicator
 * - See:
 * - Example:
 * - Having had sex with his adopted son's wife.


 * - Read:
 * - The Bible: Leviticus 18:15 ; 20:10 ; 20:19.


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:


 * - Muhammad:
 * - Anti-Christ
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - 1 John 2:18-29; 4:2, 3; 2 John 7.
 * - Psalms 2:7; 89:27; Matthew 1:23; Mark 1:11; John 1:14; 8:54; Galatians 4:4; Acts 13:33; Hebrews 1:5; 5:5; 1 John 4:9.


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - See:
 * - Qur’ān:
 * - Surat An-Nisā' 4:157-158  Surat Maryam, 19:88-93


 * - Muhammad:
 * - A false prophet
 * - See:


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - <More to come>


 * - Muhammad:
 * - An idolater
 * - See:


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - <More to come>


 * - Muhammad:
 * - Demonically influenced
 * - See:
 * - The Bible:
 * - 1 Timothy 4:1-4


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - Qur’ān:
 * - Surat Al-Ĥaj, 22:52


 * - Muhammad:
 * - Enslaver:
 * - See:
 * - https://www.google.ca/webhp?sourceid=chrome-instant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=define:+enslave


 * - See:


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - <More to come>


 * - Muhammad:
 * - A murderer


 * - The Qur’ān
 * - Surat Al-'Aĥzāb (The Combined Forces) - 33:26


 * - Premeditated


 * - Muhammad:
 * - A pedophile
 * - Definition:
 * - A person who is sexually attracted to children
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_sexual_abuse


 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - 1 Corinthians 7:36


 * - See:
 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - Non-Qur’ānic sources:
 * - Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:62:64


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad#Aisha


 * - Muhammad:
 * - 'Legalized' of rape and prostituting captives of war


 * - See:
 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - Qur’ān: Surat An-Nisā', 4:24


 * - Muhammad:
 * - A rapist and promoter of rape


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - Qur’ān: Surat Al-Mu'minūn 23:5, 6
 * - Non-Qur’ān sources:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeynab_bint_Al-Harith


 * - Mut'ah
 * - See: adultery and fornication
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mut%27ah
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikah_mut%E2%80%98ah
 * - Religious titles: e.g., Allamah and Immam
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Matthew 23.


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:


 * - Neptism:
 * - Nepotism is favoritism granted to relatives.
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible: Matthew 12:48-50 ; Mark 3:33-35


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - Qur’ān: Surat Al-'Aĥzāb, 33:6


 * - Also See:
 * - Neoptism
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism


 * - Neighbor
 * - Read:
 * - Proverbs 3:27-35 Luke 10:25-37 (the illustration of "the Good Samaritan")


 * - Palestine/Israel:


 * - Introduction:
 * - The Bible mentions non-Israelites and Israelites were able to peacefully co-exist.


 * - For example:


 * - Ammonites:
 * - Zelek
 * - Naamah


 * - Canannites:
 * - Rehab* and her family
 * - The Gibeonite people
 * - Uriah the Hittite
 * - Hiriam – the son of the widow of Naphtali, whose biological father was a Tyrian (Phoenician) father
 * - Ornan the Jebusite


 * - Egyptains
 * - Numerous Egyptians accompanied the Israelites out of Egypt in Exodus e.g., Bithinah


 * - Cretans:
 * - (the Cherethites and Pelethites seem to possibly a Cretan people)


 * - Ethiopian:
 * - Ebed-Melech


 * - Gittites:
 * - Ittai and 600 other Gittites supported King David.


 * - Ishmaelites:
 * - Obil


 * - The Kenites:
 * - Reuel
 * - Zipporah (Wife of Moses)
 * - Hobab
 * - The Kenite people at large
 * - Rechab and his descendants including Malchijah and Jehonadab.


 * - Moabites:
 * - Ruth*
 * - Ithmah


 * - The Nethinim
 * - 1 Cnronicles 9:2; Ezra; Nehemiah


 * - Sabaean
 * - The Queen of Sheba.
 * - 1 Kings; 1 Chronicles; Luke 11:31


 * - Notes:
 * - Proverbs 12:20


 * - Real faith versus Enslaved Blind Faith
 * - Read:
 * - 1 Timothy 4:1-4 ; 1 John 2:18-29 ; 4:2, 3 ; 2 John 7 '''


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - The Qur’ān:


 * - The Holy Bible:
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Isaiah 40:8 ; 1 Peter 1:24, 25 '''


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - The Qur’ān:
 * - Surat Al-Baqarah, 2:89 2:136 ; Surat 'Āli `Imrān, 3:3, 4  3:84 ; 3:23, 3:184 ; Surat An-Nisā' 4:136 ; Surat Al-Mā'idah, 5:44 , 5:46 ; Surat Al-'An`ām, 6:34 , 6:92 ; 6:114-115 ; Surat Yūnus 10:94  Surat An-Naĥl, 16:43 ; - Surat Al-'Anbyā', 21:7 ; Surat Fāţir, 35:35 ; Surat Aş-Şāffāt, 37:117.


 * - Note: Notice the appeal in Surat Yūnus 10:94 and the warning Qu'ran Surat An-Nisā' 4:136. Although some Muslims complain the "old testament" passages are violent and corrupted think appeal to the gnostic way of think and reject the above and below passages in the Qur’ān:


 * - Surat Al-Baqarah, 2:247-248


 * - Claim the Apostle Paul 'corrupted' Christianity.
 * - See the above Qu’ānic passages. The Qur’ān was written centuries after the Apostle Paul and yet it still validates all the inspired writings (content) of the Holy Bible. No warning about the Apostle Paul in the Qur’ān. God preserves his inspired word. - (2 Peter 3:15-16)
 * - Neither Muhammad nor a secretary wrote the Qur’ān, it was rather compiled in very disorganized manner after his death.
 * - The Qur’ān teaches the Holy Bible is the from God; yet the differences between the Qur'ān and the Holy Bible are irreconcilable.


 * - The Blackstone:


 * - The Bible:
 * - Leviticus 26:1; Numbers 33:52; Deuteronomy 4:19; 1 Kings 19:18; 2 Kings 21:3; Isaiah 2:8, 9; 37:19; Jeremiah 8:2; Hosea 13:2; Habakkuk 2:19; Acts 19:35


 * - See:
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Stone)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baetylus)
 * - (http://wikiislam.net/wiki/Black_Stone)
 * - (http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0009_0_09475.html)
 * - (http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200002136?q=idol&p=par)


 * - Check out:
 * - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoni)


 * - The Qur’ān
 * - The (mumbo jumbo) claims the Qur’ān is some type of literary miracle are quite ironic; even the Arab contemporaries to Muhammad claim they could produce work of equal and or greater literary quality. The Qur’ān is a book corrupted and incoherent and haphazardly compiled as incomplete and contradictory.


 * - See:
 * - Source:
 * - <More to come>


 * - Context:
 * - Muqatta'at
 * - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqatta%27at)


 * - Muhammad's Critics.
 * - Surat Al-'Anfāl (The Spoils of War) - 8:31 -


 * - Nadr ibn al-Harith
 * - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadr_ibn_al-Harith)


 * - History of the Qur'ān
 * - See:
 * - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Quran)


 * - Uthman's Revised Qu’'ān.
 * - See:
 * - Uthman ibn Affan
 * - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthman)


 * - To understand the Qur’ān and Islam, the muslim is dependent on additional external e.g., the Holy Bible and the Hadith. Whereas the Holy Bible is not the Qur’ān/Islam which are soley dependent on external sources.
 * - Read:
 * - 2 Timothy 3:14-17


 * - Promotion of violence against non-believers
 * - Read
 * - The Bible:
 * - Genesis 6:11, 13 ; Psalms 5:6  ; 11:5  ; 37:8  [...]; Proverbs 3:31  []; 4:14-17  []; 6:16, 17  []; 10:6, 11  []; 12:20; 13:2  []; 16:29 [] []; 21:7 [] []; Matthew 5:39, 44 ; Luke 6:27, 28 ; Galatians 5:22, 23 ; Romans 12-14, 16-19 [...]; 1 Timothy 3:3 ; 2 Timothy 2:24; Titus 1:7-9 ; Hebrews 12:14; James 3:18 '''


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - The Qur’ān:
 * - Surat Al-Baqarah, 2:193 ; Surat Al-Mā'idah, 5:33 ; Surat Al-'Anfāl, 8:12 ; Surat At-Tawbah, 9:1, 2,5, 29, 123 ; Surat Aş-Şāffāt


 * - See:
 * - (http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatwa)


 * - Qibla (kibla)
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - John 4:23, 24


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - <More to come>


 * - "The Baca Valley" is not Mecca
 * - "The Baca Valley" ≠ Mecca
 * - <More to come>


 * - Qibla (kibla)
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - John 4:23, 24


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - <More to come>


 * - "The Baca Valley" is not Mecca
 * - "The Baca Valley" ≠ Mecca
 * - <More to come>


 * - Warfare:
 * - Read:
 * - The Bible:
 * - Matthew 22:37-39 ; 26:52, 53 ; John 15:19 ; 17:14, 16 ; 18:11, 36 ; 2 Corinthians 10:3, 4; Colossians 3:14 ; Ephesians 6:12-17


 * - Islamic position:
 * - See:
 * - The Qu'ran:
 * - Surat At-Tawbah 9:29


 * - Note:
 * - Often in just discussions, arguments often along the lines of the "two wrongs make a right," come up, this the "two wrongs make a right," is a disturbing fallacy of relevance, in actually two wrongs don not make a right (See: Isaiah 5:20) is a common deflection and in no way should attempted to justify things.


 * - Women:
 * - Read
 * - The Bible:
 * - Genesis 1:28; Matthew 7:12 ; John 13:34, 35 ; Galatians 3:28 ; Ephesians 5:28, 29 ; 1 Timothy 5:1, 2 ; 1 Peter 3:7
 * - Note:
 * - The Bible instructs us to assign honor to women
 * - Islam tolerates child brides.


 * - Islamic position:
 * - Compare:
 * - The Qur’ān:
 * - Surat An-Nisā, 4:24 (Abusing women and teaching women are inferior); 4:34


 * - Misc notes:


 * - Surat Al-Baqarah, 2:256 Ironic no compulsion in religion.


 * - Studies on the best and worst places to be a woman
 * - See:
 * - http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GenderGap_Report_2013.pdf


 * - The Qu'ran:
 * - Surat At-Tawbah, 9:80 (people can't repent?)


 * - The Qu'ran:
 * - Surat 'Āli `Imrān, 3:28


 * - The Qu'ran:
 * - Surat al-Kahf Compare: Sunan Abu Dawud 3991.
 * - Claim a man Dhul-Qarnayn reached the place the Sun set in a pool of muddy water.
 * - See:
 * - 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhul-Qarnayn
 * - - One person conmment this psassage leaves the muslim with three options.
 * - Reject science (denial)
 * - Reinterpretion (blasphemy in Islam)
 * - Reject Islam (apostasy in Islam)


 * - See:
 * - Matthew 7:21; John 14:15; 15:10; Romans 2:13; James 1:22; 1 John 3:7; 5:3
 * - Camels are not ritually "clean" in the Bible (Levitcus 11:4) yet Muslims consider ritually clean.
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaving#Shaving_in_religion')
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-l%C4%81t)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man%C4%81t)
 * - (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1)
 * - Muhammad: an adulterator, an antichrist, a deceiver, barbaric, blood-thirsty, egotistical, demon influenced, destructive, fraud, hateful, false-prophet, a fornicator, a liar, male chauvinist pig, misogynist, mass-murderer, plagiarist, power-thirsty, rapist, selfish, sadistic, tyrant, violent, war criminal)


 * - The Corrupt Islamic State of Saudi Arabia
 * - Abdul Aziz bin Fahd - (immoral playboy)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Aziz_bin_Fahd
 * - Nayef bin Sultan Al-Shaalan - (drug trafficker)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayef_bin_Sultan_Al_Shaalan
 * - Saudi Princess Misha'al bint Fahd Al-Saud murdered (executed) by the Saudi government
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misha%27al_bint_Fahd_al_Saud
 * - Saudi Princess Lolowah bint Faisal Al-Saud; an activist for women's issues in Saudi Arabia including things like education and the right to drive.
 * - Saudi Princesses (daughters) imprisoned by King Abdullah:
 * - Sahar, Jawaher, Maha, Hala bint Abdullah ibn Abdulaziz Al-Saud
 * - See:
 * - (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2015/01/23/dont-forget-the-late-saudi-kings-jailed-princesses/)


 * - Date:
 * - Circa 560 C.E.:
 * - Death of Muhammad's father

The Temple

 * - Mount Moriah, Jerusalem, Judea:


 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Mount
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem


 * - The Hypotheses
 * - 1. Northern - The so-called the "Dome of the spirits"
 * - 2. Central - At the "Dome of the rock"
 * - 3. Southern - El-Kas Fountain
 * - 4. Southern - Al-Aqsa Mosque
 * - 5. Off the Temple Mount - the Ophel


 * - See:
 * - http://www.jpost.com/National-News/HU-archeologist-presents-unprecedented-gold-findings-from-Temple-Mount-325619


 * - See:
 * - http://www.templemount.org/theories.html
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalbek


 * - See:
 * - Mount Gerizim, Shechem, Samaria:
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=36&Issue=6&ArticleID=3
 * - http://www.dannythedigger.com/newsletter/mt-gerizim-and-the-jewish-temple-in-jerusalem


 * - Timeline


 * - B.C.E. - Abraham builds an altar on Mount Moriah:
 * - B.C.E. - Threshing floor:
 * - B.C.E. - Solomon:
 * - B.C.E. - Interfaith.
 * - 607 B.C.E. - Babylonians destroy the temple.
 * - B.C.E. - Zerubabel oversees the reconstruction of the temple.
 * - B.C.E. - Antiochus IV Epiphanes profaned the temple.
 * - B.C.E. - Herod expands the temple.
 * - 70 C.E. - Roman emperor Titus destroys the temple in Jerusalem.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titus
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)
 * - Circa 135 C.E. - Hadrian builts temple to Jupiter on the site of temple.


 * - Golden bell found in Jerusalem.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/news/golden-bell-possibly-worn-by-temple-priest-found-in-jerusalem/


 * - Similarities between the Temple and the Garden of Eden


 * - Both were places of worship the true God Jehovah.
 * - The Garden of Eden and the temples in Jerusalem were both: sanctuaries and symbolically a divine habitation (dwelling) to Jehovah God; a Holy place.


 * - In the East:
 * - A) The Garden of Eden and the entrance of the Garden were in the East.
 * - B) The temple in Jerusalem faced eastward and the entrance of the temple was also in the East.


 * - The Holy of Holies was separate - within from the Holy
 * - The Garden of Eden was separate - within the region of Eden.


 * - The "Holy Mountain of God" - (Mount Sinai, Mount Zion/Moriah)


 * - Symbols of Jehovah's authority:
 * - A) Tree of the knowledge of Good and bad
 * - B) The ark of the covenant.


 * - River
 * - A) Eden had a river which split into four separate rivers.
 * - B) in a symbolic vision of the temple; a river of life issued out - Ezekiel 47:1; Compare with: Revelation 22:1, 2.
 * - Water was associated with the Eden and temples.


 * - The Altar
 * - A) Cain and Abel; outside of the garden of Eden.
 * - B) Outside of the Temple in the temple courtyard.


 * - A side note: The incense was used in the temple in worship; the smoke is associated prayer; incense was composed or perfumes, some derived from resinous trees. And the iconography of temple include: cherubs, blossoms


 * - Cherubs:
 * - Cherubs representatives of Jehovah's presence:
 * - A) Guarded the entry to Eden
 * - B) Were depicted inside the temple. For example, The ark of the covenant (with two cherubs on it).


 * - Jehovah God's presence:
 * - A) Garden of Eden. Direct communication.
 * - B) The Shekinah light, the cloud, the Urim and the Thummin.

The Bible

 * - Facts:
 * - Written over a period of 16 centuries.

- - - -
 * - The Bible - It's Preservation and Biblical Texts:


 * - Josephus states (Against Apion, 1:42-43) "For we have not an innumerable multitude of books among us, disagreeing from and contradicting one another, [as the Greeks have,] but only twenty-two books, which contain the records of all the past times; which are justly believed to be divine; and of them five belong to Moses, which contain his laws and the traditions of the origin of mankind till his death... no one has been so bold as either to add anything to them, to take anything from them, or to make any change in them; but it is become natural to all Jews immediately, and from their very birth, to esteem these books to contain Divine doctrines, and to persist in them, and, if occasion be willingly to die for them."

-


 * - The Aleppo Codex.
 * - http://www.aleppocodex.org/newsite/index.html
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleppo_Codex


 * - Approximate date:

-


 * - "The Damascus Pentateuch"
 * - Circa 920 C.E. (based on David Solomon Sassoon's comments)
 * - See:
 * - https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11364/#additional_subjects=Bible&institution=national-library-of-israel
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus_Pentateuch

-


 * - Charred Ein Gedi Scroll - (Parchment fragments of the book of Leviticus)
 * - Dated to the late sixth century C.E.
 * - See:
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3168514/Charred-1-500-year-old-scroll-deciphered-Scans-ancient-parchment-reveal-text-early-version-Hebrew-Bible.html
 * - http://www.haaretz.com/life/archaeology/.premium-1.666983
 * - http://news.discovery.com/history/archaeology/biblical-text-from-500-ad-deciphered-from-charred-scroll-150720.htm

-


 * - The Nash Papyrus
 * - See:
 * - http://faculty.gordon.edu/hu/bi/Ted_Hildebrandt/OTeSources/02-Exodus/Text/Articles/Burkitt-10Commands-JQR.pdf

-


 * - The Dead Sea Scrolls
 * - http://www.deadseascrolls.org.il/
 * - http://orion.mscc.huji.ac.il/resources/djd.shtml
 * - Genesis-Malachi; minus Esther (circa 250 B.C.E. and 68 C.E.)
 * - Parchment discovered in the Tefillin (phylacteries).
 * - http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2579490/Nine-new-unopened-Dead-Sea-Scrolls-Israel.html
 * - "And the wolf will actually reside for a while with the male lamb, and with the kid the leopard itself will lie down, and the calf and the maned young lion (DSS "will feed together") and the well-fed animal all together; and a mere little boy will be leader over them." - Isaiah 11:26, NWT.

-


 * - The Masada Synagogue Scrolls
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masada#Masada_today
 * - (b. 73 B.C.E. )

- -
 * - Wadi Murabba'at, Wadi Sdeir, Nahal Hever, and Nahal Se'elim scrolls. (b. 135 C.E.)


 * - The Samaritan Torah:
 * - http://web.meson.org/religion/torahcompare.php
 * - http://books.google.co.il/booksid=pzo6KAH3FmUC&printsec=frontcover&hl=iw&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false
 * - Master-text
 * - http://www.eerdmans.com/Products/Default.aspx?ISBN=9780802865199
 * - (The Samaritan Torah) The Abisha Scroll
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBR&Volume=7&Issue=5&ArticleID=9
 * - The Samaritan Torah, Some of manuscripts.
 * - http://special.news.msu.edu/scrolls/?home
 * - Samaritan scholar, Ben Tsedaka:
 * - http://www.youtube.com/user/bennytsedaka

-


 * - The Septuagint:
 * - http://www.twu.ca/sites/septuagint/ (robh@twu.ca) (Some Dead Sea scrolls are Greek LXX manuscripts)
 * - (See: Göttingen Septuaginta)
 * - http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/ioscs/editions.html

-


 * - Papyrus Rylands 458:
 * - http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/detail/ManchesterDev~93~3~24513~100397

-


 * - The Sinaiticus, Codex:
 * - http://codexsinaiticus.org/en/

-


 * - The Ketef Hinnom Silver scroll - (Numbers 6:22-27)
 * - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2010/01/06/The-Blessing-of-the-Silver-Scrolls.aspx
 * - http://www.wwyd.org/Articles/images/YHWH_SILVER-SCROLLS.jpg

-


 * - Rylands Papyri Collection:
 * - http://enriqueta.man.ac.uk:8180/luna/servlet/view/all?sort=Contributor%2CImage_sequence_number%2CContributor_role%2CFolio

-


 * - The Ta'amim
 * - http://www.rakkav.com/biblemusic/pages/suzanne.htm

- - - -
 * - Masoretic codexes:


 * - Masoretic counted the letters on each page. Error weren't tolerated
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masoretic_Text#Numerical_Masorah

-


 * - Cairo Geniza 400 C.E. - (Some in Hebrew; some in Aramaic)

-


 * - Codex Hilleli, a lost manuscript of 600 CE, only a few sentences are preserved by Rabbinic literature.

-


 * - "Song of the sea" manuscript – circa 700 C.E.
 * - http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/chat/2460335/posts

-


 * - Codex Orientales 4445, dated between 820 C.E. and 850 C.E.; the manuscript contains Genesis-Deuteronomy 1:33 (less Numbers 7:47–73 and Numbers 9:12–10:18).
 * - Date circa 920-950
 * - See:
 * - http://www.bl.uk/manuscripts/FullDisplay.aspx?ref=Or_4445

-


 * - Petersburg Codex of the Prophets - 916 C.E. (Later Prophets)

-


 * - Aleppo Codex - 930 C.E. [Large part of Hebrew Scriptures (Ben Asher text)
 * - See:
 * - http://aleppocodex.org/

-


 * - Cairo Karaite Codex (Codex Cairensis) - 895 C.E. (Earlier and later Prophets)

-


 * - “Afghan Genizah” 11th-century C.E. (Circa 1001-1100 C.E.)
 * - http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-artifacts/inscriptions/manuscripts-reveal-ancient-community-of-afghan-jews/

-


 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyrhynchus_Papyri#Old_Testament

- - - -
 * - Latin Vulgate:


 * - Vulgate source material..(Masoretic; Hebrew text)
 * - Early Vulgate:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate#Manuscripts_and_early_editions


 * - How the Bible came to us
 * - Challenging theories undermining the inspired Word of God.
 * - Some reasons why the Documentary theory does not hold well under scrutiny.
 * - See:
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/102004242?q=führer&p=par-
 * - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oY9x4rnmn70 (20:00-23:25)
 * - Some reasons why the Q document theory does not hold well under scrutiny.
 * - See:
 * - http://m.wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/2008736?q=q+source&p=par
 * - "Missing Link in Hebrew Bible Formation" (Masoretic text - between the Dead Sea Scrolls era and later Aleppo Codex and Leningrad Codex)
 * - See:
 * - http://members.bib-arch.org/publication.asp?PubID=BSBA&Volume=41&Issue=6&ArticleID=4
 * - The Bible, Textual Criticism:

- - - -
 * - Current Situation


 * - 1. Most Bible translations use a default text for translation; usually being the Masoretic text/Septuagint text.
 * - 2. Usually not enough attention is given to the Dead Sea scrolls and the Samaritan Torah.
 * - 3. Suzanne Haïk-Vantoura's thesis on understanding the ta'amim, if correct would have a huge impact on textual criticism and should seriously considered.
 * - 4. Recent discoveries and insights into our understanding of Hebrew and Bible. (e.g., the ancient Semitic snake spell found in Egypt and our understanding of the Hebrew text found at Isaiah 3:17. See; QDQD)

-


 * - 1. The Master text should be the closest thing possible to original autographs.
 * - 2. Properly use the tools at our disposal to detect when a textual mutation crept into newer manuscripts.
 * - 3. Examine and consider both the musical and poetic functions which would have present in the original text.
 * - 4. Use an up-to-date understanding to Hebrew to clarify the meaning of the text.
 * - 5. Looking for algorithms in: writing style and vocabulary, music and prose, the pattern of the known writers, etc.

-


 * - The yet to be discovered Biblical inscriptions and manuscripts and insights: Shechem? The Qumran caves? The locations on the copper scroll found at Qumran?

- - - -
 * - Many factors play in textual criticism:
 * - The age of the manuscripts. - (which is older? e.g., DSS vs LXX).
 * - Possible source material of manuscript.  - (which reflects what is older? e.g., DSS vs LXX).
 * - Frequency. - (How many manuscripts read that way? e.g., 4 vs. 3 ancient manuscripts).
 * - Possible reasons for textual variation (School of traditions, possible religious bias; Samaritans, Sopherim, Masoretes, Hellenistic influence, Catholic and Orthodox trinitarian dogma; language using in rendering).
 * - Poetic meter/musical value in the original language.

- - - - - -
 * - Genesis-Malachi
 * - Dead Sea scrolls:


 * - Psalms: 39.
 * - Deuteronomy: 33.
 * - Genesis: 24.
 * - Isaiah: 22.
 * - Exodus: 18.
 * - Leviticus: 17.
 * - Numbers: 11.
 * - Minor Prophets 10.
 * - Daniel: 8.
 * - Jeremiah: 6.
 * - Ezekiel: 6.
 * - Job: 6.
 * - 1 & 2 Samuel: 4.
 * - Psalms 138:1 DSS reads, “I shall laud Jehovah with all my heart. In front of Jehovah God I shall make melody to you.” - Based on NWT rendering.

- - - -
 * - Disclaimer this list was made in haste and might subject to error:


 * - Genesis (before the exile)
 * - Exodus (before the exile)
 * - Leviticus (before the exile)
 * - Numbers  (before the exile) - (Oldest Hebrew text: Ketef hinnom inscription; Other old non-Hebraic manuscripts: Septugaint, langauge: Greek. Other manuscripts of interest: The Samaritan Torah)
 * - Deuteronomy  (before the exile)
 * - Joshua (before the exile)
 * - Judges (before the exile)
 * - Ruth (before the exile)
 * - 1 Samuel (before the exile)
 * - 2 Samuel (before the exile)
 * - 1 Kings (after the exile)
 * - 2 Kings (after the exile)
 * - 1 Chronicles (after the exile)
 * - 2 Chronicles (after the exile)
 * - Ezra (after the exile)
 * - Nehemiah (after the exile)
 * - Esther (after the exile)
 * - Job (before the exile)
 * - Psalms (written after the exile: 137) - (c. 460 B.C.E. completed)
 * - Proverbs (before the exile)
 * - Ecclesiastes: (before the exile)
 * - The Song of Solomon (before the exile)
 * - Isaiah (before the exile)
 * - Jeremiah (before-after the exile, a passage in the book in Aramaic)
 * - Lamentations
 * - Ezekiel (after the exile, part of the book in Aramaic)
 * - Daniel (after the exile, part of the book in Aramaic)
 * - Hosea (Before the exile; to Samaritans)
 * - Joel (before the exile)
 * - Amos (before the exile)
 * - Obadiah (after the exile)
 * - Jonah (before the exile)
 * - Micah (before the exile)
 * - Nahum (before the exile)
 * - Habakkuk (before the exile)
 * - Zephaniah (before the exile)
 * - Haggai (after the exile)
 * - Zechariah (after the exile)
 * - Malachi (after the exile)

- -

- - - -
 * - (Jacob) Ben Chayyim's Second Rabbinic Bible.
 * - Meir ha-Levi Letteris (ta'amim)
 * - Matthew-Revelation


 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible_manuscripts#Dating_the_New_Testament_manuscripts


 * - Matthew:
 * - Ancient Greek Papyri (estimated dates come from Wikipedia):


 * - P64, 67: 200.
 * - P77: 200.
 * - P103: 200.


 * - P1: 250. - (Oxyrhynchus Papyri )
 * - P45: 250. - (Chester Beatty; Austrian National Library)
 * - P53: 250.
 * - P70: 250.
 * - P101: 250.

- - - -
 * - About the Controversial Hebrew texts: ...


 * - 1 John 5:7, 8 the spurious wording "in heaven, the Father, the Word and the holy spirit; and these three are one." is not contended in the earliest manuscripts occur in they introduced by later Greek manuscripts and the Clementine recension of the Latin Vulgate. Excluded by: The Sinaiticus Codex, Alexandrinus Codex, Vatican manuscript 1209, Philoxenian-Harclean Syriac Version, the Coptic text. "These verses do not appear in any version of the text prior to the ninth century. " - Wikipedia.
 * - P74
 * - Sahidic Coptic text.

- - - About the Apocrypha: - -
 * - Is the Tanakh better understood in Hebrew? Is Shakespeare better in English, Qur’ān in Arabic and Cervantes in Spanish, etc.,?


 * - Not inspired!
 * - Tobit.
 * - Judith.
 * - Additions to the Book of Esther.
 * - Wisdom (of Solomon)
 * - Ecclesiasticus.
 * - Baruch (Including the Epistle of Jeremias).
 * - The Song of the Three Holy Children.
 * - Susanna and the Elders.
 * - The Destruction of Bel and the Dragon.
 * - First Maccabees.
 * - Second Maccabees.


 * - The so-called: The book of Jubilees.
 * - The so-called: History of the Captivity in Babylon.
 * - The so-called: Rest of the Words of Baruch (or Baruch 4)
 * - The so-called: The Martyrdom of Isaiah.
 * - The so-called: The book of Enoch.
 * - The so-called: The Gospel of Adam and Eve.
 * - The so-called: The book of Jannes and Jambres.
 * - The so-called: The book of Joseph and Aseneth.
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deuterocanon

- - Gnostic literature: - -


 * - Not inspired:
 * - The so-called Gospel of Thomas.
 * - The so-called Gospel of the Lord.
 * - The so-called Holy Book of the Great Invisible Spirit.
 * - The so-called Gospel of Mary Magdalene.
 * - The so-called Gospel of Thomas.
 * - The so-called Gospel of Truth.
 * - The so-called Gospel of Philip.
 * - The so-called Gospel of Judas.

- - - -
 * - The Bible: translation


 * - Translation "NT" into classical Hebrew
 * - Delitzsch's vs. Salkinson-Ginsburg.


 * - Franz Delitzsch's translation of the "new testament" into classical Hebrew goal. Franz Delitzsch believed Christ Jesus' primary language was Hebrew. He attempts to reconstruct the text in Hebrew.


 * - See:
 * - http://vineofdavid.org/resources/dhe/
 * - http://www.amazon.com/Hebrew-New-Testament-F-Delitzsch/dp/1862281203/ref=sr_1_2?s=books&ie=UTF8&qid=1361685252&sr=1-2&keywords=Delitzsch+Hebrew+new+testament
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Delitzsch


 * - The New World Translation (Revised edition, 2013):
 * - Read online: http://www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/nwt/books/
 * - PDF: http://www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/


 * - Memorizing Scriptures


 * - Mind palace (also known as the: the method of Loci)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_of_loci


 * - The Bible and Science


 * - The Universe had a Beginning
 * - "In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth." – Genesis 1:1.
 * - In contrast, many ancient myths describe the universe, not as being created, but as being organized from existing chaos. The Babylonians believed that the gods that gave birth to the universe came from two oceans. Other legends say that the universe came from a giant egg."
 * - Source:
 * - See:
 * - http://www.jw.org/en/bible-teachings/questions/science-and-the-bible/


 * - Space is governed by laws
 * - See: Jeremiah 38:33


 * - The Fabric of Time-Space (expanding)
 * - See: Psalm 102:26; 104:1; Isaiah 40:22


 * - Space filled with countless different stars
 * - See: Jeremiah 33:22; 1 Corinthians 15:41


 * - The shape of the Earth:
 * - "There is One who dwells above the circle of the earth."
 * - See: Isaiah 40:22 (NWT2013)
 * - Funfact: Only a sphere is a circle on every angle.
 * – See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Earth


 * The suspension of the Earth
 * "He stretches out the northern sky over empty space, suspending the earth upon nothing."
 * – See: Job 26:7 (NWT2013)


 * - The rotation of the Earth
 * - "Have you ever commanded the morning Or made the dawn know its place" "To take hold of the ends of the earth And to shake the wicked out of it? It is transformed like clay under a seal, And its features stand out like those of a garment."
 * – See: Job 38:12-14


 * The DNA code
 * "Your eyes even saw me as an embryo; All its parts were written in your book Regarding the days when they were formed, Before any of them existed."
 * – See: Psalms 139:16


 * Water ways
 * "All the streams flow into the sea, yet the sea is not full. To the place from which the streams flow, there they return so as to flow again."
 * – See: Ecclesiastes 1:7 (NWT2013)


 * Benefits of Moderate Sunlight:
 * "The light is also sweet, and it is good for the eyes to see the sun"
 * – See: Ecclesiastes 11:7 (NWT2013)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_D


 * - The Ocean:
 * - Mountains on the Ocean floor
 * - See: Jonah 2:5, 6


 * - Springs/Hydrothermal vents on the Ocean floor
 * - See: Genesis 7:11; 8:2 Job 38:16*
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent


 * - The design of "Noah's ark"
 * - The design is remarkable, science supports the wisdom in this design. Ratios are used in modern-day naval architecture which prevents capsizing. Additionally in a study conducted by the University of Leicester and peer-reviewed by the Journal of Physic Specials Topics show the dimensions of the ark based the so-called "Archimedes principle" of buoyancy would hold the weight and float.


 * - Circumcision:
 * - "Eighth day" (see: Vitamin K and Prothrombin)
 * - Read:
 * - Genesis 21:4


 * - Health code:
 * - Unclean period after touching dead bodies.
 * - Read:
 * - Numbers 19:11-22; Leviticus 11:24, 25, 35-38
 * - "For instance, laws requiring washing oneself, the burying of human waste, the quarantining of the sick, and the washing of anyone who touched a dead body were many centuries ahead of the times.
 * - Alcohol (wine) - (Luke 10:34)
 * - Ashes/lye - (Malachi 3)
 * - Fat & oils (hyssop, olive) - (Luke 10:34)
 * - Fig poultice - (2 Kings 20:7)
 * - Fire - (...)
 * - Salt - (Ezekiel 16:4)
 * - Water - (...)
 * - See:
 * - Leviticus 13:4-8; 15; Numbers 19:11-13, 17-19; Deuteronomy 23:13, 14


 * - Connention between mental and emotional health and phyiscal health
 * - Proverbs 14:30; Proverbs 15:30; 16:24; 17:22

Prophecy:

 * - Babylon/Babylonian empire
 * - Read:
 * - Isaiah; Daniel


 * - The Medo-Persian empire
 * - Read:


 * - The city of Tyre
 * - Read:
 * - Ezekiel 26; Zechariah 9:4
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon


 * - The future of Edom
 * - Read:
 * - Compare:
 * - The Bible, Flavius Josephus, archaeology.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200001258?q=Edom&p=par


 * - The Grecian empire
 * - See:
 * - Daniel


 * - The Roman empire
 * - See:
 * - Daniel; Matthew 24


 * - The Fall of Jerusalem
 * - See:
 * - Matthew 24:2


 * - The Messiah foretold - Messianic prophecies
 * - See:

Tombs of Interest:

 * - Abraham and Sarah, Isaac and Israel: "Cave of the Patriarchs." - (31.524744, 35.110726) - (Genesis 49:30-33)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs
 * - http://www.machpela.com/english/content.asp?pageid=28

-


 * - Joshua? Timnath-serah (Timnath-heres). - (32.119519, 35.157183) - (Joshua 24:29, 30)
 * - See:
 * - Othniel Ben Kenaz is located in Hebron in the H1 area.

-


 * - Cyrus: "Tomb of Cyrus." (circa: ...B.C.E.): - (30.193889, 53.167222) - (Isaiah 45:1)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Cyrus

-


 * - Xerxes (circa: 485-465 B.C.E.): - Naqsh-e Rustam - (29.988611, 52.871944).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam#Achaemenid_tombs

-


 * - Artaxerxes I (circa: 465-424 B.C.E.): - Naqsh-e Rustam - (29.988611, 52.871944).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam#Achaemenid_tombs

-


 * - Darius II (circa: ...B.C.E.): - Naqsh-e Rustam - (29.988611, 52.871944).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam#Achaemenid_tombs

-


 * - King Herod: Herodium; Tomb of Herod. - (31.665906, 35.241468) - (Matthew 2:1-23)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodium

-


 * - Augustus (Octivan) Caesar: Mausoleum of Augustus. - (41.906111, 12.476389) - (Luke 2:1, 2; Acts 25:21, 25)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Augustus

-


 * - Unknown location of the tomb of David
 * - http://www.thetrumpet.com/article/10967.24.158.0/middle-east/israel/the-tombs-of-the-kings

Women

 * - Abraham was told to by Jehovah listen to Sarah.
 * - Genesis 21:12


 * - The Prophetess Miriam, sister to Moses.
 * - Exodus 2:3-10; 15:1, 20, 21; Numbers 12; 20;... Micah 6:4


 * - The Prophetess Deborah
 * - Judges 4; 5


 * - The Prophetess Huldah
 * - 2 King 22:8-20; 2 Chronicles 34:14-28


 * - Genesis 24:58
 * - Choice (Just a little funfact) - Rebekah was asked not told!


 * - Abigail
 * - 1 Samuel 25


 * - "The instruction of your mother"
 * - Proverbs 1:8


 * - Proverbs 31
 * - "Her husband trusts her from his heart" - Proverbs 31:11a
 * - "She sets her mind on a field and buys it" - Proverbs 31:16
 * - "Her husband rises up and praises her" - Proverbs 31:28
 * - "But the woman who fears Jehovah will be praised." "Give her the reward for what she does, and let her works praise her in the city gates." - Proverbs 31:31


 * - The Prophetess wife of the prophet Isaiah
 * - See:
 * - Isaiah 8:3


 * - Queen mother.
 * - See:
 * - 1 Kings 2:13-20


 * - The Prophetess Anna.
 * - See:
 * - Luke 2:36-38


 * - Mary Magdalene (First person to see the resurrected Jesus Christ)
 * - See:
 * - Matthew 28:1; Mark 15:47; 16:1, 2; Luke 23:55, 56; 24:1; John 20:1-18


 * - Acts 21:9
 * - Philip's daughters
 * - Prophetesses.
 * - Also See:
 * - Acts 2:14-18; Joel 2:28, 29


 * - The "Older women"
 * - See:
 * - Titus 2:1-5


 * - See:
 * - (http://jehovah.to/exe/general/women.htm)


 * - See:
 * - Galatians 3:28
 * - "There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither slave nor freeman, there is neither male nor female, for you are all one in union with Christ Jesus." * - (Revised NWT2013)


 * - See:
 * - Ephesians 5:25
 * - "Husbands, continue loving your wives, just as the Christ also loved the congregation and gave himself up for it"
 * - (Revised NWT2013)


 * - 1 Peter 3:7-9
 * - See:
 * - "Assign them (being women) honor"


 * - When it comes to driving, there are traffic signs and principles of "right-of-way." It's not that one person is "superior" than another however for harmony there exists a need for cooperation. Submission is not supposed to be hard slavery rather it is a yielding in a spirit for the promotion of peace and harmony.

Point of View
''My user account is anaccuratecource on creationwiki. And I received an ultimatum from the user/administrator Temlakos regarding the expression of my displeasure against an unfair accusation against my belief. Sir, I want to assure you I mean no disrespect. And I don’t want to cause any trouble. I was only asking that the article please avoid falsely accusing us of attempting to merge our beliefs with evolution. (The article for “the Days of creation” which reads: “This view is derived from an attempt to reconcile the Bible with the theory of evolution.”) This isn’t true sir. I just wanted to clear the confusion. Sir, I am sure that if someone accused you of this, you would welcome the opportunity at least to explain your position or point of view, Wouldn’t you? I mean no harm. I am just asking that we please be given a fair opportunity to explain our position or the removal of the accusation, please. I do not want to be removed; please. I am a devote Bible believer and I don’t believe in evolution at all. And I have been on Creationwiki for about three years now and am passionate and take it very seriously. I’m writing in hopes you could please consider this sir. – Thank-you for your time.--Anaccuratesource 20:37, 14 January 2012 (PST) I post some information on my discussion page briefly outlining the situation under the section entitled "Creation". I hope that it better explains my stand and that this matter can be peacefully resolved. --Anaccuratesource 20:43, 14 January 2012 (PST)'' You appear to have a unique view from that representing most Old Earth Creationists (seemingly a combination of Gap theory and Day age creationism). Nevertheless, the statement in question (This view is derived from an attempt to reconcile the Bible with the theory of evolution) is clearly true of most OECs. The OEC position generally accepts modern science assertions regarding the age of the Earth and evolution, and renders a Biblical interpretation under the assumption that the former teachings are true. There are of course differences among OECs as to the extent to which natural processes played a part in the creation of components, but the statement is true for the vast majority, and it is the majority CPOV that we want to represent.

In the Day of creation talk page you describe the age estimates of the Earth and cosmos as "scientific findings". These dates are not facts, but instead an interpretation of matter based on a philosophy of materialistic naturalism. These naturalists assume the cosmos formed through purely natural processes, and interpret all observations and measurements in support of their view. The important thing to ask yourself is "can the origin of a cosmos that was formed by the word of God be interpreted by scientists determine to explain it through philsophical naturalism"? I assert that it can not...

The creationwiki holds to young earth creation as its principal view (see CreationWiki:About), and the statement you appear most concerned about will stand on the days of creation articles. However, it is certainly possible and I would encourage you to create an article perhaps titled evidence against 24-hour day creation. We request that article content be supported by citations and encourage users to use the footnote referencing system. You may also place an editorial reservation on the article for 30 days to give you time to finish the work (see Creationwiki:template). Let me know if I can help further.--Ashcraft - (talk) 12:11, 16 January 2012 (PST)

I don't to want argue. I am not the greatest writer and I don't think I have the time to write an entire article. And in all honestly, I don't see how either has a baring on this accusation. My views may seem unique however there shared by at least 7-19 million people who firmly believe in creation and strongly oppose evolution doctrine. They believe in old earth (as indicated in Genesis 1,2). And that there's scriptural support for the creative days to be longer periods of time (Hebrew 4:4-6). Yet this article misrepresents this reality. It's a pretty outrageous claim! And if it's not accurate, why leave it there? To preserve a look? I don't want to argue, but I don't like this gross misrepresentation to so many people. I have given a scriptural support to this, these "scientific findings" merely corroborate with this understanding. --Anaccuratesource 14:26, 29 January 2012 (PST)


 * - Too Many Quotes? (*)

I saw your edit of the quotes page. I guess my editing of the Transitional form page may be using too many quotes, huh? I will look to reduce the quotations there that aren't absolutely needed, although some are just so useful for illustrating the controversies ongoing that it's hard to bear removing some. I will look for areas though where they aren't as necessary, and try to use fewer quotes in the future. --Jzyehoshua 13:01, 16 April 2012 (PDT)

Huh? I am confused sorry. Who was using too many quotes? --Anaccuratesource 13:53, 16 April 2012 (PDT)
 * Oh, wasn't sure if I'd used too many quotes on the Transitional form page. Do you think that will be okay, the edits I've made there? Some of the quotes are really relevant to the new, controversial discoveries being made. Because the material depends so heavily on the quotes made in authoritative science and news articles, I used more quotes on the page than I might otherwise. --Jzyehoshua 17:16, 16 April 2012 (PDT)

To be honest I don't why you're asking me. I love quotes. I believe they are a must have. I always try to reference my material. Practical is also key.


 * - About contact (*)

Do you have some sort of instant message on your computer? Would love to chat with you about all things CreationWiki related :).--Tsommer (Tony) 19:09, 5 March 2012 (PST)

I don't know what to say- kind of nervous to be honest. I love having interesting dicussions but I also my anonymous status and would not want to be put in an uncomfortable situation where someone just want to get me into a debate. I been there before and it's terrifying.


 * That's not my style, but if ever you wanna chat, let me know man.--Tsommer (Tony) 13:36, 6 March 2012 (PST)

I'd like that :)
 * Sure I would... Do you have Steam installed? If so add the user sub0187. If not what do you have in mind for us to chat?--Tsommer (Tony) 18:16, 15 January 2013 (PST)
 * I have Yahoo Messenger installed now under sommertony@ymail.com ... Go ahead and add me when you can.--Tsommer (Tony) 15:30, 17 January 2013 (PST)




 * - Judges 3:12-30 - The palace at Jericho where Eglon, king of Moab, was assassinated by Ehud
 * - See:
 * - Ajloun, Jordan


 * - Judges 9:4, 46-49 - Temple of baal (El-Berith) Shechem
 * - (where funds were obtained to finance Abimelech's kingship, and where the citizens of Shechem took refuge when Abimelech attacked the city )
 * - 'See:
 * - http://www.biblearchaeology.org/post/2006/02/abimelech-at-shechem.aspx


 * - 2 Samuel 2:12-32 - Pool of Gibeon. - (where the forces of David and Ishbosheth fought during the struggle for the kingship of Israel)
 * - See:


 * - 1 Kings 20:43 - The royal palace in Samaria where the kings of Israel resided. 1 Kings 20:43- (See: 1 Kings 20:43 21:1, 2; 22:39; 2 Kings 1:2; 15:25).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samaria_%28ancient_city%29#Archaeology


 * - Song of Songs 7:4 - Pool of Heshbon (likened to the eyes of the Shulammite woman)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heshbon


 * - 1 Kings 22:29-38 - The Pool of Samaria where King Ahab's chariot was washed after his death
 * - See:


 * - 2 Kings 20:20; 2 Chronicles 32:30
 * - The water tunnel beneath Jerusalem dug by King Hezekiah to provide water during the Assyrian siege
 * - See:


 * - Daniel 5 - The royal palace in Babylon where King Belshazzar held the feast and Daniel interpreted the handwriting on the wall.
 * - See:
 * - http://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1200000530#h=2:198-8:466


 * - Acts 18:12-17 - The tribunal at Corinth where Paul was tried
 * - See:
 * - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kx8WhbNi2Go


 * - Acts 19:29 - The theater of Ephesus
 * - The theater at Ephesus where the riot of silversmiths occurred
 * - See:
 * - http://www.ephesus.ws/the-great-theatre-of-ephesus.html


 * - Acts 23:33-35 - Herod's palace at Caesarea (where Paul was kept under guard)
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima


 * - Esther 1:2 - The royal palace of Susa
 * - The location where Esther (Hadassah) visited her husband Persian king Xerxes (Esther 1:2; 2:3, 5, 9, 16).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa#Archaeology
 * - http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/susa/


 * - The where Mordecai, Esther's cousin, sat (Esther 2:19, 21; 3:2, 3; 4:2; 5:9, 13; 6:10, 12).
 * - 'See:


 * - The Square in front of the royal gate at Susa where Mordecai met with Halthach, Xerxes' eunuch. – (Esther 4:6).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa#Archaeology
 * - http://www.heritageinstitute.com/zoroastrianism/susa/


 * - Mark 1:21-28; John 6:25-59 The synagogue at Capernaum.
 * - The foundation of the synagogue at Capernaum where Jesus cured a man with an unclean spirit (Mark 1:21-28) and delivered the sermon on the bread of life (John 6:25-59).
 * - See:
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum


 * - Matthew 8:14-16 - The house of Peter at Capernaum where Jesus healed Peter's mother-in-law and others
 * - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capernaum


 * - What is it? (...) Pulmonary edema fluid, there is real human blood AB blood type with evaluation levels to bilirubin. The blood is still red because of bilirubin... Who blood it? ((Double XX chromosomes)
 * - Roman flag.. sliced
 * - Did you know that historians described a scourged victim's skin being so lacerated that their rib bones were visible through the rips in their skin? Scourging would so weaken the condemned that his time on the cross would be shortened, possibly an unintentional mercy. (Readers Digest - Jesus and His Times 1973 pg. 256-257).
 * - Luke 5:12-16; Matthew 8:2-4; Mark 1:40-45
 * - https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_tree

Photos
Example.jpg|Caption1 Example.jpg|Caption2

---


 * – THE GARDEN OF EDEN (SERPENT, TREE OF LIFE, WORLD TREE)
 * – PREFLOOD WORLD
 * – FLOOD
 * – MOUNT ARARAT


 * – SODOM AND GOMORRAH (TALL EL-HAMMAM EXCAVATION, STEVEN COLLINS)
 * – JOB
 * – IN EGYPT/EXODUS (PAPYRUS BROOKLYN 35.1446, TOMB OF REKHMIRE, IPUWER PAPYRUS)
 * – CONQUEST OF CANAAN (MERNEPTAH STELE)


 * – DAVID (MESHA STELE, TEL DAN
 * – SOLOMON


 * – BABYLONIAN EMPIRE
 * – PERSIAN EMPIRE


 * – JESUS CHRIST
 * – APOSTLES


 * – Abyss
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyss_(religion)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abyzou#Origins


 * – Adonis
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonis
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adonia


 * – Agreus and Nomios
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreus_and_Nomios


 * – Amorites
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorites


 * – Amurru
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amurru_(god)


 * – Anak
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anak#Extrabiblical_mentions


 * – Baal
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Cycle
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal-zephon
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baalzebub
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babylon#Old_Babylonian_period
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dying-and-rising_god


 * – Enki
 * – Enki – (Sumerian. "the common translation is "Lord of the Earth"." – Wikipedia)
 * – John 12:31 "Ruler of this world"; John 14:30; 16:11; Acts 26:17, 18; 2 Corinthians 4:3, 4; Ephesians 2:1, 2; 1 John 5:19
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki


 * – Eridu
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eridu


 * – Faun
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faun


 * – Faunus
 * – See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faunus


 * – Hadad (Baal-Zephon) (Rapiu)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad


 * – Heracles
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles


 * – Humbaba
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humbaba


 * – Sumerian Ishkur (Iškur)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad


 * – Jinn
 * – See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn


 * – Lono
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lono


 * – Marduk
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk


 * – Melqart
 * – Melwart – Melek-qart ("King of the city")
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melqart


 * – Mount Bishri (Mountian home of the Amorites)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jebel_Bishri


 * – Mount Kailash
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kailash


 * – Mount Hermon
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hermon


 * – Mount Ida
 * – "Located in the Rethymno regional unit, it was sacred to the Greek Titaness Rhea, and on its slopes lies one of the caves, Idaion Andron, in which, according to legend, Zeus was born. Its summit (Timios Stavros) has the highest topographic prominence in Greece." – Wikipedia.
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_of_Zeus


 * – Mount Jabal an-Nour
 * – Allegedly where Muhammad got his revelations.
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabal_al-Nour


 * – Mount Meru
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru


 * – Mount Olympus
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Olympus


 * – Mount Othrys
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Othrys


 * – Mount Tlaloc
 * - Aztec mythology.
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tlaloc


 * – Mount Zaphon
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Zaphon


 * – Naigamesha
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naigamesha


 * – Pan
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)


 * – Pushan
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushan


 * – Rephaite
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephaite


 * – Satyr
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyr


 * – Set
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(deity)


 * – Shasu
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu


 * – Tartarus
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tartarus


 * – Thor
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thor


 * – Titans
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythology)


 * – http://www.livius.org/articles/place/babylon/etemenanki/


 * - https://oi.uchicago.edu/sites/oi.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shared/docs/saoc62.pdf
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shasu#/media/File:Ancient_carving_-_Shasu_spies_being_beaten_by_Egyptians.png


 * - What are the oldest ziggurat-like temple structure akin to Dravidian style in India?


 * - The Nephilim (the hybrid offspring of the fallen angels and human women) died during the Great Flood (Genesis 6:12, 13, 17; 7:21; 9:11, 15-17; Matthew 24:39; Acts 17:26; 1 Peter 3:20; 2 Peter 2:4). The Anakim, Emim and the Rephaim (who the Ammonite called: Zamzummim* — which some scholars identify as Zuzim and or possibly the Shasu) were known as usually tall and strong peoples, often with physical abnormalities, very steeped in the dark occult mystery religion, that does not mean they Nephilim. However, they and others likely erroneously believed they were indeed the tall gigantic hybrid sons of God.


 * - In some of the occult rituals of the Near East, the practice of ritual of 'sacred' temple sex was performed. A scenarios where is it possible the offspring produced might have believed the (demon-possessed) priest of Ba'al was the acting human vessel to Ba'al (Satan), the demonic entities might have guided or selected which of the priest's reproductive cells to have impregnated the woman, further explaining the seemingly superhuman strength and abnormalities which would have had a huge impact on the naïve and superstitious people around them.


 * - The fallen angels (Satan and his demons) could not have had sex with human women themselves anymore so evidently they resort to trying to use them as their proxies (stand-ins).


 * - "One of the peaks of the Jebel Bishri range was called Jebel Diddi, which may come from the same root as "didanum," the name of the Amorite tribe that gave its name to the Titans." – Derek Gilbert


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhishma


 * - Aphrodite
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphrodite
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rati
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shukra
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - Sumerian Inanna
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna
 * - Akkadian Ishtar
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar
 * - Roman equivalent
 * - Venus
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)


 * - Apollo (Both Greek and Roman)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati
 * - Hindu Surya
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surya
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamash


 * - Ares
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ares
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartikeya
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangala
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - Sumerian Gugalanna
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gugalanna
 * - Akkadian Nergal
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal
 * - Roman equivalent:
 * - See:
 * - Mars
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_(mythology)


 * - Athena
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athena
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saraswati
 * - Roman equivalent:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerva


 * - Chronus
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cronus
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashyapa
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shani
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - Ninurta
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninurta
 * - Roman equivalent:
 * - Saturn
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_(mythology)


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eos
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushas


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eros
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamadeva


 * - Gaia
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaia_(mythology)
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bh%C5%ABmi
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prithvi
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki_(goddess)
 * - Roman equivalent
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terra_(mythology)


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nergal
 * - Roman equivalency
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%ABs_Pater
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orcus
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)


 * - Heracles (Greek and Roman)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heracles
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balarama
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krishna
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilgamesh
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enmerkar


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermes
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narada
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puthan
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - Enki (planet Mercury)
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki
 * - Nebo (planet Mercury) god of "literacy, the rational arts, scribes and wisdom."
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebo_(god)


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_(goddess)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - Sumerian Nanna/Akkadian Sin
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin_(mythology)


 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushan
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - Enki (Goats, fish and fertily)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poseidon
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - Enki
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thetis
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trident


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(mythology)
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asura


 * - '''Python and Typhon"
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(mythology)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhon
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliya
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vritra
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:


 * - Zeus
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%B9%9Bhaspati
 * - Hindu similarities
 * - See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyaus_Pita
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra
 * - Mesopotamian similarities
 * - See:
 * - Anu (Sky)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu
 * - Enlil (Lord Storm)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlil
 * - Hadad (Storm and rain)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadad
 * - Marduk (Jupiter)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marduk
 * - Ninurta (Mace holder)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninurta


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amik_Valley
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dabiq,_Syria


 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belus_(Assyrian)
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati

Goat and Owl Shaped Demons

 * – Leviticus 17:7; 2 Chronicles 11:15; Isaiah 13:21; 34:14; Compare: Revelation 18:2b
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat#Religion.2C_mythology_and_folklore
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azazel#Dead_Sea_Scrolls


 * – Arabia:
 * – Jinn.
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn


 * – Egypt:
 * – See:
 * – Banebdjedet (usually decipted as a ram, greek sources indict goat represenation existed as well)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banebdjedet
 * – Mendes
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendes
 * – Khnum
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khnum


 * – Celtic:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernunnos
 * – Also see:'''
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puck_(mythology)


 * – China:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_(zodiac)


 * – European Alps:
 * – See:
 * – Krampus
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krampus
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perchta


 * – Greek:
 * – See:
 * – Agreus and Nomios
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agreus_and_Nomios
 * – Amalthea
 * – "Amalthea is sometimes represented as the goat who suckled the infant-god" (Zeus) "in a cave in Cretan Mount Aigaion ("Goat Mountain"), sometimes as a goat-tending nymph of uncertain parentage (the daughter of Oceanus, Helios, Haemonius, or—according to Lactantius—Melisseus), who brought him up on the milk of her goat." – Wikipedia.
 * – https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amalthea_(mythology)
 * – Capricorn
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)
 * – Chimera
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)
 * – Faun
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faun
 * – Mount Ida
 * – Relation to the story of Zeus being nursed by a goat.
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Ida_(Crete)
 * – Pan
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_(god)
 * – Silenus
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenus
 * – Satyr
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyr


 * – Hindu:
 * – Dakhsa
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daksha
 * – See:
 * – Naigamesha
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naigamesha
 * – Pushan
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushan


 * – Mesopatomia:
 * – See:
 * – Capricorn (half fish half goat demonic symbol symbol of Sumerian god Enki)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)
 * – Enki
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki
 * – Enkidu
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enkidu


 * – Roman:
 * – Faunus
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faunus


 * – Scandinavian:
 * – Gävle Goat (See: Yule Goat)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A4vle_goat
 * – Heiðrún (the demon goat which "consumes the foliage of the tree Læraðr and produces mead for the einherjar." – Wikipedia)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r%C3%BAn
 * – Joulupukki (See: Yule Goat)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joulupukki
 * – See:
 * – Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr (the (demon) "goats who pull the god Thor's chariot" the "god associated with thunder, lightning" – Wikipedia)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str
 * – See:
 * – Yule Goat (also known as the "Christmas goat") (See: Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr)
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule_Goat


 * – Mount Hermon:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banias
 * – http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/israelexperience/history/pages/archaeological%20sites%20in%20israel%20-%20banyas-%20cult%20cent.aspx
 * – http://cannundrum.blogspot.ca/2015/08/caesarea-philippi-and-cave-of-pan-israel.html
 * – The pagan temple to the Goat shape demon Pan who the pagan Greek worshipped and the presence Tomb and temple of the "sacred goats"


 * – Owls "(as "screech owl" (King James Version), "night-monster" (American Standard), "nightjar" (NE, New World), and “night hag” (RS), while The Jerusalem Bible prefers simply to transliterate the name as "Lilith.")"
 * – See:
 * – Isaiah 34:14, 15
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl#Symbolism_and_mythology


 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inanna
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishtar
 * – See:


 * – Sirin
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirin


 * – Notes and Reseach on:
 * – The Great Inception – Satan's Psyops from Eden to Armageddon, by Derek P. Gilbert
 * – Last Clash of the Titans: The Second Coming of Hercules, Leviathan, and the Prophesied War Between Jesus Christ and the Gods of Antiquity
 * – Reversing Hermon: Enoch, the Watchers & the Forgotten Mission of Jesus Christ


 * – Babel.
 * – Mount Hermon
 * – Mount Zaphon.
 * – Some of the pagan storm god archetypes on the ancient world.
 * – The Apkallu (Ancient Mesopotamian religion)
 * – The Nephilim.
 * – The Rephaim.
 * – The Titans (Ancient Greek Religion).
 * – Typhon (see: Illuyanka, Leviathan, Lotan, Yamm, Set)
 * – See:
 * - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typhon

666

 * – The Babylonian system of mathematics was sexagesimal (base 60)
 * – Gilgamesh and the newer generation of Apkallu that were 66.6666666667% "god" (Fun fact: John wrote during the Roman age)
 * – 2 Samuel 21:20 – The Bible also mentions a member of the tribe of the Rephaim had 6 toes & 6 feet. Interesting in the cemetery Deir el-Balah (near Gaza) a coffin depicting the man having 6 digits on each hand.
 * – The image Nebuchadnezzar set up in the plain of Dura, "60 cubits high and 6 cubits wide"
 * – The Annual weight of gold in talents, 666 talents that King Solomon received annually.
 * – Fun fact: The common division of time: 60 seconds in minutes, 60 minutes in an hour originates from the influence of Babylonia.

Early Christians and the State

 * – Justin Marty, in his Dialogue with Trypho
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Martyr


 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Dymond
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_John_Cadoux
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Durant

Research for Later

 * — https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anu
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo (music and bow)
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atum
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baal_Hammon
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_egg
 * — https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakudo_Maru
 * — https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janus
 * — https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumarbi
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manu_the_Great
 * — https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiad
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nammu
 * — https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nóatún_(mythology)
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nu%27u
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle


 * — The Courtship of Inanna and Dumuzid


 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages#History_of_Indo-European_linguistics
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_studies#History


 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Smith_(Assyriologist)
 * — Professor Manfred Bietak, (Austrian Archaeological Institute)
 * — Mass burial at Avaris, 18th Dynasty.
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_Bietak
 * — The Complaints of Khakheperre-Seneb


 * — Interesting "Pharaoh's heart to become obstinate" (Exodus 4-14)
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_the_Dead
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_afterlife_beliefs#Judgement_of_the_dead
 * — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maat

Buddhism

 * – Siddhārtha Gautama,
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_century_BC


 * – Anger
 * – (Galatians 5:20, 21; James 1:20)


 * – Aramaic
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka


 * – Association.


 * – Asceticism.


 * – Authoritative text. For Christians it's the Bible
 * – (Isaiah 8:20; 2 Timothy 3:16-17).


 * – Agarwood/Oud.
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarwood


 * – Balance.


 * – Bible
 * – (Job, Psalm, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes)


 * – Cannabis.


 * – Cardamom – (Revelation 18:13)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom


 * – Cassia
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia


 * – Chaste/class systems
 * – (Galatians 3:28; 1 John 3:17)


 * – Cinnamon
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon (Sri Lanka and South India)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinnamon (Sri Lanka and South India)


 * – Cochin Jews, a historic Jewish community in India.
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochin_Jews


 * – Contentment.


 * – Cotton
 * – (Esther 1:6)


 * – Covet.


 * – Desire.
 * – (Not all desire is bad/negative).


 * – Divination
 * – e.g., Arrow shaking – (Ezekiel 21:21, 22) this practice still exists and is practiced by some Tibetan Buddhists.


 * – Ethics.


 * – Exercise
 * – (1 Timothy 4:8)


 * – Evil.


 * – Fasting.


 * – Four directions
 * – (Genesis 2:10 (four rivers); Isaiah 11:12 (corners); Ezekiel 1:17; 37:9; Zechariah 2:6; Matthew 24:31; (winds); Daniel; Acts 10:10; 11:5; Revelation 7:1; 20:8''')


 * – Forgiveness
 * – (Ephesians 4:32)


 * – Gnostism
 * – (1 Timothy 6:20)


 * – Grace
 * – (Merciful undeserved kindness).


 * – Greed
 * – (Luke 12:15)


 * – "Human wisdom"
 * – (1 Timothy 6:20)


 * – India
 * – (Esther 1:1; 8:9)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India


 * – Jewels
 * – (Job 28:18)


 * – Jewish tradition.
 * – (The translation of Yonatan ben Uziel (puts Pishon as Hindki, an Aramaic word for India), Josephus identified is the Indus. Both the Ganges and Indus have identified by some as two of the Edenic rivers.)


 * – King Solomon
 * – (1 Kings 4:30, 34; 2 Chronicles 9:23)


 * – Meditation
 * – ( Philippians 4:8)
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation


 * – Monkeys
 * – (Sanskrit word Kapi) – (1 Kings 10:22; 2 Chronicles 9:21)


 * – Mountains.


 * – Peace
 * – (Psalm 119:165; Romans 14:19)...


 * – Peacocks
 * – (Tamil word: Tokei) – (1 Kings 10:22; 2 Chronicles 9:21)


 * – Persian empire.
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_Empire


 * – Reincarnation
 * – (Hebrews 9:27)


 * – Self-Control
 * – (Galatians 5:22, 23) (Control and management are not the same as suppression.)


 * – Sandalwood
 * – (possibly, 1 Kings 10:11, 12; 2 Chronicles 2:8; 9:10, 11)


 * – Silk
 * – (Revelation 18:2, 11, 12)


 * – Spikenard
 * – (Song of Solomon 1:12; 4:13, 14; Mark 14:3)


 * – Suffering
 * – (Genesis 3; 6; Job 5:7; 14:1; Proverbs 1:22; Ecclesiastes 9:11; Luke 4:6; John 12:31; Romans 3:23; 1 John 5:19)


 * – Temple.
 * – Temple (our bodies) – (1 Corinthians 6:19)


 * – Truth.
 * – Sets free – (John 8:32)


 * – The Golden rule:
 * – (Matthew 7:12; Luke 6:31) (Also see: Leviticus 19:18)


 * – The Garden of Eden
 * – (Genesis 2)


 * – Transformation.
 * – (New Personality...)


 * – Warfare


 * – Vegetarianism
 * – (Genesis 1:30; Hosea 2:18; Psalms 36:6)


 * – Violence
 * – See:
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samurai
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Civil_War


 * – MISC:


 * – Compare with philiosphies mentioned in: Acts 17:17-19
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicureanism
 * – https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoicism


 * – My to do – Reading List:
 * – "Buddha & Jesus: Could Solomon be the Missing Link?" by Ed Sherman.
 * – The Lotus and the Cross: Jesus Talks with Buddha, by Ravi Zacharias


 * – Christianity is position is grace by means of faith, which has to be tested and grounded in something solid. Dharmic religions on the other hand, such as Buddhism are based on belief systems that salvation and or enlightenment are potentially achievable through works.


 * – (Acts 4:12)
 * – (Romans 12:3)